Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 1: Lifestyle, Health and Risk > CVD: Risk Factors and Treatment > Flashcards

CVD: Risk Factors and Treatment Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cardiovascular disease - CVD?

A

All diseases of the heart and circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give examples of CVD. 3

A
  • Coronary heart disease [CHD]
  • Stroke
  • Heart attack/myocardial infarction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List risk factors for CVD that are due to lifestyle (6)

A
  • Smoking
  • Salt intake
  • Alcohol intake
  • Diet high in saturated fat
  • Inactivity
  • BMI/Weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List risk factors for CVD beyond the individual’s control

A
  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Gender
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the trend between BMI/Weight and CVD?

A
  • The higher the BMI/weight, the higher the risk of CVD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is a diet high in cholesterol/saturated fat a risk factor for CVD? 4

A
  • Increases cholesterol level in blood
  • Increases atheroma formation
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Increases blood clot formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is alcohol and salt intake a risk factor for CVD?

A

They increase high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is inactivity a risk factor for CVD?

A

Linked to obesity and high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 2 substances in smoking increase the risk of CVD?

A
  • Carbon monoxide

- Nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does carbon monoxide in smoking increase the risk of CVD? 4

A
  • Combines with haemoglobin
  • Decreases oxygen transported in blood
  • Less oxygen for tissues
  • Can lead to heart attacks/stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does nicotine increase the risk of CVD?

A
  • Makes platelets sticky

- Increases chance of blood clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Other than nicotine and carbon monoxide, how does smoking increase the risk of CVD? 4

A
  • Decreases antioxidants in the blood
  • These protect cells from damage
  • Increased risk of cell damage in arteries
  • Increased atheroma formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is aging a risk factor for CVD? 3

A
  • Arteries less elastic
  • Plaque builds up slowly over time
  • Increases blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is gender a risk factor for CVD? 2

A
  • Males more likely to suffer from CVD

- Oestrogen increases HDL levels in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are genetics a risk factor for CVD?

A
  • Individuals can inherit alleles making them more likely to have:
  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define “risk”

A

The chance of an unfavorable event occurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the problems with perception of risk? 2

A
  • Perception of risk is not equal to actual risk

- Actual risk can be overestimated or underestimated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can actual risk be underestimated?

A

Lack of information makes people unaware of risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can actual risk be overestimated?

A
  • Constant exposure to media emphasising risk

- Personal experience e.g family relative smoker dying of CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 4 types of drugs can be used to treat CVD?

A
  • Antihypertensives
  • Statins
  • Anticoagulants
  • Platelet inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do all antihypertensives do?

A

Reduce blood pressure

22
Q

Why does reducing blood pressure reduce risk of CVD?

A
  • Less damage to artery wall
  • Less atheroma formation
  • Less chance of blood clot formation
23
Q

Name 4 types of antihypertensives

A
  • Beta blockers
  • Vasodilators
  • Diuretics
  • ACE Inhibitors
  • Calcium channel blockers
24
Q

What do beta blockers do? 2

A
  • Reduce heart beat strength - Reduce heart rate
25
Q

What do vasodilators do?

A
  • Widen blood vessels [vasodilation]
26
Q

What do diuretics do? 3

A
  • Reduces amount of salt reabsorbed from blood by kidneys
  • Less water reabsorbed
  • Reduced blood volume
27
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do? 4

A
  • Blocking calcium ion channels
  • Prevent arterial muscle contraction
  • Prevents vasoconstriction
  • Lowers blood pressure
28
Q

What is the advantage to using antihypertensives? 2

A
  • Many different types - can be given in combination to reduce blood pressure
  • Blood pressure can be monitored by patients at home to check if drugs work
29
Q

What are the risks of using antihypertensives?

A
  • Headaches
  • Vomiting
  • Blood pressure could fall too low - cause fainting
  • Palpitations
30
Q

What do statins do?

A

Lower blood cholesterol

31
Q

How do statins lower blood cholesterol?

A
  • Inhibit LDL synthesis in liver

- Less atheroma formation

32
Q

What are the risks of using statins?

A
  • Headache
  • Vomiting
  • Liver damage
  • Muscle inflammation/pain
33
Q

What do anticoagulants do? 2

A
  • Prevent blood clots forming

- Prevent blood clots getting bigger

34
Q

What is the advantage of using anticoagulants?

A

Can be used to treat people already with blood clots/CVD

35
Q

What are the risks of using anticoagulants? 5

A
  • Headaches
  • Vomiting
  • Excessive bleeding in injury due to reduction in blood clotting, causing fainting
  • Osteoporosis
  • Damage to foetus
36
Q

What do platelet inhibitors do? 2

A
  • Prevent platelets becoming activated/sticky

- So prevents formation of blood clots

37
Q

What is the advantage of using platelet inhibitors?

A

Can be used to treat people already with blood clots/CVD

38
Q

What are the risks of using platelet inhibitors?

A
  • Headaches
  • Vomiting
  • Excessive bleeding in injury due to reduction in blood clotting, causing fainting
  • Liver damage
39
Q

Why do humans need energy? 3

A
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Movement
40
Q

Define “energy budget”

A

Amount of energy taken in and amount of energy used up by an organism

41
Q

What does an imbalance in the energy budget affect?

A

Weight

42
Q

Give the equation for calculating an energy deficit

A

Total energy consumed - total energy output

43
Q

If total energy consumed - total energy output is negative, what does this mean?

A

Weight loss

44
Q

If total energy consumed - total energy output is positive, what does this mean?

A

Weight gain

45
Q

If total energy consumed - total energy output is zero, what does this mean?

A

No weight change

46
Q

What causes obesity? 2

A
  • Excess energy is stored as fat reserves

- If this is a high amount and sustained over a long period of time, it leads to obesity

47
Q

What causes being underweight? 3

A
  • A deficiency in energy
  • Causes fat reserves to be converted into energy
  • If this is a high amount and sustained over a long period of time, it leads to being underweight
48
Q

Give 2 obesity indicators

A
  • BMI

- Waist to Hip Ratio

49
Q

Give the equation for BMI

A

weight [kg]/height [m] squared

50
Q

Give the equation for waist to hip ratio

A

waist circumference [cm]/hip circumference [cm]

51
Q

What BMI is considered obese?

A

30 +

Bio 1: Lifestyle, Health and Risk (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions