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Bio 1: Lifestyle, Health and Risk > Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Define “polymer”

A

Long molecule made up from many smaller molecules

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2
Q

Define “monomer”

A

Small molecules that make up polymers

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3
Q

What are the monomers in carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides e.g glucose

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4
Q

What are the polymers in carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

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5
Q

What are the monomers in proteins?

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

What are the polymers in proteins?

A

Proteins/polypeptides

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7
Q

What are the monomers in fats?

A

Triglycerides

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8
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

A

DNA/RNA

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10
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Large complex molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharides

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11
Q

List 3 disaccharides

A
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
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12
Q

What 2 monosaccharides is maltose made up of?

A
  • Alpha glucose

- Alpha glucose

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13
Q

What 2 monosaccharides is sucrose made up of?

A
  • Alpha glucose

- Fructose

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14
Q

What 2 monosaccharides is lactose made up of?

A
  • Beta glucose

- Galactose

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15
Q

What bonds are in maltose?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

What bonds are in sucrose?

A

1,2 glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

What bonds are in lactose?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

Are disaccharides soluble?

A

Yes, but not as soluble as monosaccharides

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19
Q

What do the chemical bonds of disaccharides do compared to monosaccharides?

A

They store more energy

20
Q

Give the formula for glucose?

A

C6H12C6

21
Q

What two forms does glucose exist in?

A
  • Alpha glucose

- Beta glucose

22
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

A hexose sugar

23
Q

Draw alpha glucose

A

See notes

24
Q

Define “condensation”

A

A reaction of two molecules joining together to form a large molecule and a water molecule

25
Q

Define “glycosidic bond”

A

Every bond between molecules in carbohydrates, joining monosaccharides into polysaccharides

26
Q

Define “hydrolysis”

A

When molecules split apart using a molecule of water

27
Q

Give an example of hydrolysis

A

Polysaccharides splitting into monosaccharides

28
Q

Define “polysaccharide”

A

A polymer of many monosaccharides joined together through condensation reactions for storage

29
Q

Give the two main polysaccharides

A
  • Starch

- Glycogen

30
Q

What are the two types of starch?

A
  • Two polysaccharides of alpha glucose
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
31
Q

What is the purpose of starch?

A

Glucose/energy storage in plants for respiration

32
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen?

A

Glucose/energy storage in animals for respiration

33
Q

What monomers make up both types of starch?

A

Alpha glucose

34
Q

What monomer makes up glycogen?

A

Alpha glucose

35
Q

What type of bonds make up amylose?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

36
Q

What type of bonds make up amylopectin?

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

37
Q

What type of bonds make up glycogen?

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

38
Q

What kind of structure does amylose have and how does it link to its function?

A
  • Unbranched chains
  • Angles of the glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure, like a cylinder
  • Makes it more compact for storage of glucose
39
Q

What kind of structure does amylopectin have and how does it link to its function?

A
  • Branched chains
  • Increases its surface area
  • More accessible to enzymes
  • Hydrolysed into glucose more quickly
40
Q

What kind of structure does glycogen have compared to amylopectin and how does it link to its function?

A
  • More branched chains
  • Bigger surface area
  • Even more accessible to enzymes
  • Faster hydrolysis
41
Q

Why does glycogen need to be hydrolysed more quickly than amylopectin?

A

Animals move so respire far more

42
Q

What are both starch and glycogen and why?

A

Insoluble - doesn’t cause cells to swell by osmosis

43
Q

List the properties of glycogen that adapt it to its function.

A
  • Very branched
  • Large
  • Insoluble
  • Compact
44
Q

How does glycogen being large make it useful for its function?

A

Can store high amounts of glucose and therefore energy

45
Q

How does glycogen being compact make it useful for its function?

A

Good for storage

46
Q

What is amylose?

A

A long unbranched chain of alpha glucose

47
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Long branched chain of alpha glucose

Bio 1: Lifestyle, Health and Risk (9 decks)

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