Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

aa 442 > CVD lab > Flashcards

CVD lab Flashcards

1
Q

Stable vs Unstable Angina

A 
Angina
• Chest pain caused by oxygen deficit to the heart
• 2 forms: stable and unstable
• Stable angina
• Chest pain associated with increased oxygen demand such as
occurs with physical exertion
• Unstable angina
• Chest pain that occurs at rest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardiovascular Risk Factors

A

• Increasing age
• Male sex
• Family history of CHD, especially premature CHD (younger
than 60 years of age)
• Diabetes mellitus or prediabetes
• Tobacco smoking
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• Dyslipidemia (↑ total serum cholesterol and LDL-C; ↓ HDL-C)
• Physical inactivity
• Overweight and obesity
Cardiovascular disease is multi-factorial;
many factors may contribute to its development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CHD

A

• Coronary Heart Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CAD

•

A

Coronary Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

IHD

•

A

Ischemic Heart Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • CVD

* Cardiovascular Disease

A

• Cardiovascular Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

• CHF

A

• Congestive Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

• TIA

A

• Transient Ischemic Attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PAD

A

• Peripheral Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PVD

A

• Peripheral Vascular Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MI

A

• Myocardial Infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CABG

A

• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (Bypass Surgery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

• ECG

A

• Electrocardiogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

EKG

A

• Electrocardiogram (British)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

• HRT

A

• Hormone Replacement Therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

• Angiography

A

Is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or
lumen of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular
interest in the arteries, veins and the heart chambers. This is
traditionally done by injecting a radio-opaque contrast agent into
the blood vessel and imaging using X-ray based techniques such
as fluoroscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

• Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening of the blood vessel walls specifically caused by the
presence of plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

• Angioplasty

A

Technique of mechanically widening narrowed or obstructed

arteries, the latter typically being a result of atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

• Cardiac catheterization

A

Insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart. This is
done for both diagnostic and interventional purposes.

20
Q

• Palpitations

A

• An unusually or abnormally rapid or violent beating of the heart

21
Q

• Stents

A

• A stent is a tiny mesh ‘tube’ that is inserted into a blocked
passageway. The stent keeps the passageway open. This allows
the flow of blood to resume.

22
Q

• Syncope

A

• The medical term for fainting or passing out

23
Q

• Normal Heart Rate

A

• 60-100

24
Q

• Tachycardia

A

• Rapid heart rate

25
Q

• Bradycardia

A

• Slow heart rate

26
Q

• Atrial Fibrillation

A

• Arrhythmia (atrium)

27
Q

• Blood pressure
d
s

A
  • Systolic
  • Pressure when heart is pumping
  • Diastolic
  • Pressure when heart is resting
28
Q

Hypertension Treatment Targets
Goal
• For people with diabetes:
For all others including CKD:

A
  • For people with diabetes: < 130/80

* For all others including CKD: < 140/90

29
Q

Cardiac Rehabilitation

• Interprofessional Team Approach

A 
Interprofessional Team Approach
• Team leader – Administrator
• Physicians – Cardiologists and Internists
• Exercise Specialists (Kinesiologists)
• Nurses
• Dietitians
• Psychologists
• Social Workers
• Occupational Therapist
30
Q

Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

A

v

31
Q

Historically used “cut points”

Total Cholesterol

A

• Below 5.2 mmol/l

32
Q

• HDL-Cholesterol

A

• Above 1.5 mmol/L

33
Q

• LDL-Cholesterol

A
  • Below 2.6 mmol/L Optimal

* Above 4.9 mmol/L Very High

34
Q

• Triglycerides

A

• Below 1.7 mmol/L

35
Q

AHA/ACC Lifestyle Management

Recommendations: 2013

A 
• Energy
• Fruit and vegetables
• Whole grain, high fiber
foods
• Low-fat dairy products
• Fish, poultry – limiting
red meats
• Nuts and legumes
• Sodium
• Alcohol
• Saturated and trans fat
• Cholesterol
• Added sugar
• Nontropical vegetable
oils
36
Q 
AHA/ACC Lifestyle Management
Recommendations: 2013
• Total fat 
• Saturated fat 
• Trans fat 
Cholesterol 
Type of CHO 
• Sodium
• Alcohol 
• Fish –
A 
• Energy –
attain/maintain healthy
body weight
• Total fat – 20-35%
• Saturated fat – <7%
• Trans fat – <1%
• Cholesterol – <300 mg
• Type of CHO – Low GI
• Dietary fibre and whole
grains - ≥ half
• Sodium – 2.3 g
• Alcohol – 2 drinks/d for
men and 1 drink/d for
women
• Fish – >2x/wk, esp oily
• Fruit and vegetables –
diet rich in F&amp;V
37
Q

What do dietitians do?

A

• Maintain current knowledge – broad, evidenced-based
• Collaborate/participate as members of interprofessional teams
whenever possible
• Provide patient-centered care: Nutrition Care Process
• Nutrition Assessment, Nutrition Diagnosis, Nutrition Intervention,
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
• Instruct patient/client (individual or group)
• Follow up with patient/client, motivate, encourage
• Monitor and evaluate…are your interventions effective?
• Deliver grocery store tours
• Write newspaper and magazine articles
• Teach other health care providers

38
Q

• Food/Nutrition-Related History

A

Diet history – typical or USUAL day, eating pattern re: meals and
snacks, supplements, eating out, weekends, alcohol, food preferences,
allergies/intolerances
• Targeted questions – amount of fat, types of fat, fibre, wholes grains,
salt, fish, cholesterol, fruit and vegetables, other…
• Assess and compare with AHA recommendations
• Compare client’s intake with DASH diet (Table 4 AHA 2006 or Nelms
Box 13.4 page 304) **note that this is based on 2000 calories

39
Q

• Anthropometric Measurements

A

• Ht (cm) – measured, knee ht, estimated, self-reported, chart
• Wt (kg) – measured, estimated, self-reported, is there evidence of
edema?
• BMI
• Waist circumference – measured or self-reported
• Usual weight
• Weight history
• Biochemical Data, Medical Tests and Procedures
• Clinical – patient history, signs and symptoms
• Nutrition-Focused Physical Findings

40
Q

• Client History

A
  • Client History
  • Social history
  • Family history
  • Physical activity/exercise
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Smoking
  • Employment/Financial concerns
41
Q

• Nutrition Diagnosis

A

What are the 1 or 2 chief nutrition concerns that you will address
now? Identify 1 - 2 (maximum 3) nutrition diagnoses.
• Write PES Statements – Problem, Etiology, Signs & Symptoms
• eNCPT or Nelms textbook
• You must use standardized language

42
Q

• Nutrition Intervention

A

Specific actions used to remedy a nutrition diagnosis
• Consists of interrelated components, planning and implementation
• Determine in consultation with client/team
• Consider readiness/ability to change
• Nutrition counseling (typically 1-on-1)
• Nutrition education (classes; e.g. cooking, shopping, reading
labels, grocery store tours, exercise)
• Coordination of nutrition care

43
Q
  • Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation

* Four domains

A

Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
• Purpose is to quantify progress made by client in meeting nutrition
goals
• Four domains
• Food/Nutrition-Related History Outcomes
• Anthropometric Measurement Outcomes
• Biochemical Data, Medical Tests and Procedure Outcomes
• Nutrition-Focused Physical Finding Outcomes
• Compare findings with nutrition prescription/intervention goals
and/or reference standards
• Follow-up – wt checks, discuss blood work parameters
• Evaluation – progress, blood work, blood pressure

44
Q

Global Assessment: FRS

A

• Framingham Risk Score
• Estimation of 10-year Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk
• Applicable to a large percentage of Canadian population (has been
validated)
• Underestimates risk in specific categories of patients, especially in
youth and women, patients older than 75 years of age and possibly
those with metabolic syndrome
• What is the “risk of a major CVD event?”

45
Q

Cardiovascular Age

A

New concept introduced in 2012 update
• Basic idea is if you are at high risk compared with your
peers, then your vascular system is aging faster than you
are
• Calculated as the patient’s age minus the difference
between his/her estimated remaining life expectance
(adjusted for coronary and stroke risk) and the average
remaining life expectance of Canadians of the same age
and sex
• Uses identical risk factors as in FRS
Supplemental Figure S1 Male and Female Tables
• Age
• Total cholesterol-HDL Ratio
• Blood Pressure
• No diabetes vs diabetes then non-smoker vs smoker
• Can be used as a clinical decision aid to inform patient of
their risk status and emphasize need for healthy lifestyle
changes or adherence with medications

46
Q

DASH Diet: Based on 2000 Kcal

A 
Grains &amp; grain products 7-8 servings/day
• Vegetables 4-5
• Fruit 4-5
• Low-fat or fat-free dairy foods 2-3
• Meats, poultry &amp; fish 2 or less
• Nuts, seeds and dry beans 4-5 per wk
• Fats and oils 2-3
• Sweets 5 per wk
47
Q

Exercise Guidelines

A

Engage in 2h and 30mins per wk of moderate-intensity
or 1h and 15mins per wk of vigorous-intensity aerobic
• Achieve and maintain healthy weight
• 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society
• Moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity
for at least 150 minutes per week, in bouts of 10
minutes or more

aa 442 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions