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CASLD 2 > CVD > Flashcards

CVD Flashcards

1
Q

these are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels

A

CVD

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2
Q

What happens in CVD

A

there is a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the top heart or brain

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3
Q

Caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain or from blood clots

A

CVD

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4
Q

An estimated _____ people died from CVDs in 2019, which is ~32% of global deaths

A

17.9 million

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5
Q

CVDs in the philippines are the cause of _____ of total deaths of Filipinos and Filipino-Americans from 1994-2018

A

20%

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6
Q

a disease of the blood vessels
supplying the heart muscle

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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7
Q

a disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

A

Cerebrovascular Disease

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8
Q

a disease of the blood vessels
supplying the arms and legs

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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9
Q

damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

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10
Q

birth defects that affect the normal development and functioning of the heart caused by malformations of the heart structure from birth

A

Congenital Heart Disease

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11
Q

blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

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12
Q

Differentiate CVD from CVA

A

CVD:
Umbrella term for everything
Involves problems with heart and blood vessels
Can develop overtime

CVA:
Specifically refers to a stroke that affects the brain
Sudden that needs immediate treatment

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13
Q

what is a CVA?

A

a disorder that affects the blood flow in the brain or this is more commonly known as the stroke

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14
Q

what is a stroke?

A

abrupt interruption of a constant blood flow to the brain that causes loss of neurological function.

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15
Q

2 types of stroke

A

ischemic and hemorrhagic

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16
Q

differentiate the 2 types of stroke

A

Blockage -> ischemic (cerebral infarction)
Bleeding -> hemorrhagic

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17
Q

Controllable risk factors for stroke:

A

smoking
high BP
carotid or other artery disease
diabetes
high boood cholesterol
excessive alcohol drinking
physical inactivity/obesity
HRT (hormone replacement therapy)

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18
Q

uncontrollable risk factors for stroke

A

age
gender
heredity and race
prior stroke or heart stroke

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19
Q

80% of all strokes

A

ischemic stroke

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20
Q

what is a ischemic troke

A

Meron blockage or occlusion sa blood vessel
Most common type of stroke

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21
Q

what are the 2 types of ischemic stroke

A

thrombotic and embolic

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22
Q

what is a thrombotic stroke?

A

a blood clot, called a thrombus, blocks an artery to the brain and stops blood flow.

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23
Q

what is an embolic stroke

A

occurs when a piece of plaque or thrombus travels from its original site and blocks an artery downstream.

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24
Q

what causes a hemorrhagic stroke

A

caused by hypertension, rupture of an aneurysm or vascular malformation or as a complication of anticoagulation medications

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25
Q

what is a ICH

A

occurs when there is bleeding directly into the brain tissue, which often forms a clot within the brain

26
Q

what is a SAH

A

occurs when the bleeding fills the cerebrospinal fluid spaces around the brain

27
Q

“mini-stroke”, “warning stroke” aka mild stroke

A

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK

28
Q

temporary cerebrovascular event that leaves no permanent damage lasting less than 24 hrs

A

TIA

29
Q

what is a TIA

A

Most likely an artery to the brain is temporarily blocked, causing stroke-like symptoms, but the blockage dislodges before any permanent damage occurs.

a mini stroke or mild stroke or warning stroke

30
Q

True or False:

50 percent of all people who suffer a major stroke experience a prior TIA

A

false

30 percent of all people who suffer a major stroke experience a prior TIA

31
Q

true or false

15 percent of all TIA victims suffer a stroke within 2 weeks

A

false

10 percent of all TIA victims suffer a stroke within 2 weeks

32
Q

temporal profile of embolic stroke

A

peaks at once

33
Q

temporal profile of thrombotic stroke

A

evolve more slowly

34
Q

Abrupt onset; deficit may be static or steadily progressive over minutes or hours

A

ICH

35
Q

Almost instantaneous

A

SAH

36
Q

Warning signs of stroke

A

Dizziness, nausea, or vomiting
Unusually severe headache
Confusion, disorientation or memory loss
Numbness, weakness in an arm, leg or the face, especially on one side
Abnormal or slurred speech speech
Difficulty with comprehension
Loss of vision or difficulty seeing
Loss of balance, coordination or the ability to walk

37
Q

what is BEFAST

A

Balance, Eyes, Face, Arms, Speech, Time

38
Q

what are the stroke scales?

A

NIHSS Stroke Scale, ABCD2 Score for TIA, Modified Rankin Scale for Neurologic Disability

39
Q

what are stroke scales for

A

Predict patient outcomes
Helps determine appropriate treatment

40
Q

NIHSS severities

A

Very Severe: >25
Severe: 15 - 24
Mild to Moderately severe 5 -14
Mild: 1 - 5

41
Q

True or False

For NIHSS, the higher the score is, the less severe the stroke is.

A

For NIHSS, the higher the score is, the more severe the stroke is.

42
Q

usually conducted by asking the person to perform several physical and mental tests.

A

NIHSS

43
Q

designed to be a simple clinical prediction to previous triaging patients presenting with acute transient ischemic attacks.

A

ABCD2`

44
Q

optimized to predict the two day stroke risk.

A

ABCD2

45
Q

the patient is rated zero (0), if there are no symptoms at all, and as high as six (6) to indicate the mortality or severity of the stroke

A

Modified Rankin Scale

46
Q

Ultrasound is used to help detect plaque, blood clots or other problems with blood flow in the carotid arteries

No known risks and this test is noninvasive and painless

A

CAROTID DUPLEX

46
Q

Contrast dye is utilized
This procedure is monitored by a fluoroscope

A

Cerebral angiography (vertebral angiogram, carotid angiogram)

47
Q

A useful diagnostic test for hemorrhagic strokes because blood can easily be seen

A

CT or CAT scan

48
Q

allows clinicians to see blood vessels in the head and neck and is increasingly being used instead of an invasive angiogram

A

CT or CAT scan

49
Q

what is the limitation of a CAT scan?

A

Limitations: harder to interpret for ischemic strokes. You would only see an impression of it.

50
Q

Both the superficial and deep venous systems are evaluated.

No known risks and this test is noninvasive and painless

A

Doppler Ultrasound

51
Q

A diagnostic test using small metal discs (electrodes) placed on a person’ s scalp to pick up electrical impulses

These electrical signals are printed out as brain waves

A

EEG

52
Q

An invasive diagnostic test that uses a needle to remove a sample of cerebrospinal fluid from the space surrounding the spinal cord

Can be helpful in detecting bleeding caused by a cerebral hemorrhage

A

Lumbar Puncture (spinal tap)

53
Q

A noninvasive study which conducted in a Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI)

Shows the actual blood vessels in the neck and brain and can help detect blockage and aneurysms

A

MRA

54
Q

Can clearly show various types of nerve tissue and clear pictures of the brainstem and posterior brain

Can help determine whether there are signs of prior mini-strokes

A

MRI

55
Q

General Management for All Acute Stroke

A

Ascertain clinical diagnosis of TIA or stroke
Identify comorbidities
Provide basis emergent supportive care
Monitor neuro-vital signs
Perform stroke scales
Ensure appropriate hydration
Treatment of permissive hypertension

56
Q

PREVENTION (phramacologic)

A

Hypertension: antihypertensive medications
Diabetes Mellitus: oral hypoglycemic agents
Dyslipidemia: lifestyle modification, dietary changes, pharmacologic treatments

57
Q

CHALLENGES (effects of the stroke)

A

Physical challenges/impairments
Communication challenges
Emotional and behavioral challenges
Cognitive challenges
Swallowing problems

58
Q

SLP ROLES IN STROKE

A

Screening
Formal Assessment
Management of different conditions arising from the Stroke

59
Q

Management of different conditions arising from the Stroke; like:

A

Dysphagia
Communication Impairments
Aphasia
Motor Speech Disorders
RHD
Cognitive-Communication Impairments

CASLD 2 (4 decks)

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