CVD

Question 1

most CVD starts with atheroma formation. How is atheroma formed

Answer 1

walls of arteries is smooth and endothelium are usually smooth and unbroken

if danger occur to the endothelium there will be an inflammatory response (White Blood Cells and macrophages moves to that area)
These WBC and lipids clump together under the endothelium to form fatty acid
Over time, More WBC, connective tissues and lipids build up and form a fibrous plaque called atheroma
This plaque partially blocks the lumen of the artery, reducing the blood flow which causes blood pressure to increase.

Question 2

how blood clots form

Answer 2

a protein called thromoplastin is released from the damaged blood vessel.
Thromboplastin and calcium from the plasma trigger the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin the catalyses a conversion of fibronigen into fibrin
the fibrin tangle together and form a mesh which platelets and red blood cells get trapped - this forms blood clot

Question 3

how do blood clots cause heart attack

Answer 3

the heart muscle is supplied with blood by the coronary artery
this blood contains the oxygen that is needed for the heart muscle cells to carry out respiration
If a coronary artery becomes completely blocked by a blood clot then that area of the heart will be totally cut off from its blood supply so it wont receive oxygen
this causes a heart attack

Question 4

LIfestyle factors that cause CVD

Answer 4

diet, smoking, high blood pressure and inactivity

Question 5

diet

Answer 5

high in saturated fat - inc blood cholestrol which inc atheroma formation, atheromas can lead to blood clot, which can cause heart attack
high intake of salt - inc blood pressure

Question 6

high blood pressure

Answer 6

inc damages to artery walls, inc risk of atheroma formation, can lead to CVD.
ALCOHOL,STRESS,DIET all cause High Blood Pressure

Question 7

where do atheromas form

Answer 7

walls of arteries

Question 8

what can atheroma do to the endothelium of an artery

Answer 8

rupture

Question 9

what can blood clots cause in the artery

Answer 9

complete blockage of the artery

Question 10

3 forms of cvd that can be caused by blood clots

Answer 10

heart attack
stroke
deep vein thrombosis

Question 11

what is the protein that can be released from the damaged blood vessel

Answer 11

thromboplastin

Question 12

along with thromboplastin what else allows the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin

Answer 12

calcium ions

Question 13

what is prothrombin converted into

Answer 13

thrombin

Question 14

what gets trapped that forms blood clots

Answer 14

platelets and red blood cells

Question 15

how does carbon monoxide affect ppl that smoke

Answer 15

carbon monoxide combines with heamoglobin and reduces oxygen trabsported in the blood which reduces the amount of oxygen in blood and if there is not enough oxygen it can lead to heart attack

Question 16

how does the nicotine in smoking affect human

Answer 16

nicotines makes platelets sticky, which inc the chances of blood clotting, inc the risk of cvd

Question 17

how does the level of antioxidants decresng because of smoking affect human

Answer 17

antioxidants are important for protecting cells
fewer antioxident means more chances of cell daage in artery walls caising atheroma formathion that can lead to cvd

Question 18

what are factors that you can not control that inc the chances of CVD

Answer 18

genetics, age and gender

Question 19

how does gender inc the chances of CVD

Answer 19

men are three times more likely to suffer from CVD than pre-menopausal women due to the diff level of hormones such as women have higher oestrogen levels than males, this inc the level of HDL and as men have lower because of this can lead to higher level of blood cholestrol and inc the risk of CVD

Question 20

how does genetics inc the chances of CVD

Answer 20

some ppl inherit that make them more likely to have high blood pressure or high blood cholestrol

Question 21

how does age inc the chances of CVD

Answer 21

plaque can build up very slowly over time so as you get older, it eventually leads to CVD

Question 22

what are the treatments of CVD

Answer 22

antihypertensives
anticogulant
statins
platelet inhibitory drugs

Question 23

how does antihypertensives help

Answer 23

it helps reduces high blood pressure

Question 24

adv of antihypertensives

Answer 24

there are many antihypertensives that work in diff ways so can use an combination to reduce blood pressure

Question 25

disadvs of antihypertensives

Answer 25

side effects such as palpitations, abnormal heart rhythms, fainting, headaches

Question 26

how does statins help

Answer 26

reduces blood cholestrol in the blood by reducing LDL cholestrol produces in the liver, which means reduces atheromaformation

Question 27

advs of statins

Answer 27

reduces the risk of developing CVD

Question 28

disadv of statins

Answer 28

side effects cuch as muscle and joint pain, digestive systems problrms and inc risk of diabetes. nosebleeds, headache and nausea

Question 29

how does anticoagulant help

Answer 29

reduces the formation of blood clots. this means bloodclots a