CVD

Question 1

what is the definition of CVD?

Answer 1

-Cardiovascular disease is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or
blood vessels.

Question 2

how does CVD develop?

Answer 2

• the walls of the arteries become furred up with fatty deposits called
  atheroma. This compromises blood flow
  -when the arteries become partially or totally blocked the heart must
  work much harder to pump blood and oxygen around the body

Question 3

what are the 6 non modifiable factors for the development of CVD?

Answer 3

-genetics
-gender
-age
-socio economic status
-ethnicity
-low birth weight

Question 4

how can genetic contribute to the development of CVD?

Answer 4

-a person is a greater risk for the development of CVD if they have a family history of it
-if a persons father or brother has been diagnosed with CVD before age 55 then the person have a family history of CVD the same goes for mother and sister if they have been diagnosed before age 65
-genes can also pass on high blood pressure, high cholesterol and lifestyle habits which can contribute to the development of CVD

Question 5

how can age contribute to the development of CVD?

Answer 5

-prevalence of CVD increases with age studies show that 35% of men over 75 were affected by CVD compared to 15% of 45-65 year old’s due to increase inflammation and decreased vascular health
-the older an individual gets the more likely they are to develop CHD or have a cardiac event such as a heart attack
-there is also increased risk of developing atherosclerosis with age
-risk of stroke doubles every decade after the age of 55

Question 6

how can ethnicity effect the development of CVD?

Answer 6

-south Asian groups are at a higher risk of developing CVD, CHD and stroke this is due to cultural and environmental factors
-African Caribbean backgrounds are more likely to develop hypertension

Question 7

how can gender effect the development of CVD ?

Answer 7

-men are more likely to develop CVD than women at an earlier age as females are expected to love longer than men

Question 8

how can low birth weight effect the development of CVD?

Answer 8

-an individual who is small for gestational age has a greater risk of developing CVD in later life compared to those with a normal birth weight

Question 9

how can socio economic status effect the development of CVD?

Answer 9

-higher risk associated with lower socio economic status as peoples income and type of job majorly impact the risk for the development of CVD
-manual worker are less likely to develop CVD than non manual workers
-people who live in poorer areas or are on low incomes are more likely to get CVD

Question 10

what are the 8 modifiable risks that can promote the development of CVD?

Answer 10

-smoking
-reduced PAL
-low f + v intake
-excess alcohol
-high cholesterol
-low antioxidant status
-high salt
-low soluble fibre

Question 11

why can smoking cause CVD?

Answer 11

-cause a build up of cholesterol which can develop an atheroma which can increase risk of atherosclerosis
-leads to hypertension can arteries to clog and cause heart to work harder increasing risk of heart attack and stroke
-damages lining of arteries making it more likely for atherosclerosis, the nicotine in cigarettes can cause the heart to beat faster and smoking reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of RBC

Question 12

why can reduced PAL cause CVD?

Answer 12

-being physically active has a positive effect on blood pressure which strengthens the heart as well as reduces its effort to pump blood around the body which decreases risk of CVD

Question 13

why can low fruit and veg intake cause CVD?

Answer 13

-provide fibre which lowers LDL cholesterol which lowers risk of atheroma
- fruit and veg provide a range of nutrients which all have a positive impact on blood pressure

Question 14

why can excess alcohol cause CVD?

Answer 14

-too much alcohol can increase blood pressure which can cause a heart attack and stoke
-causes arteries to tighten and constrict which reduces blood flow

Question 15

why can high blood cholesterol cause CVD?

Answer 15

-cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood some is needed however too much can cause blood vessels to narrow and reduce blood flow which forces the heart to work harder and therefore increase blood pressure which can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke

Question 16

why can low antioxidant status cause CVD?

Answer 16

-antioxidants are necessary to mop up free radicals to protect the body against oxidative damage which can increase the risk of CVD

Question 17

why can high salt cause CVD?

Answer 17

-some sodium is necessary for normal bodily functions like manage fluid levels in blood yet too much salt can disrupt this balance and increase our blood pressure
-hypertension will damage artery walls and can develop an atherosclerosis, it can cause strain on heart and cause heart attack and is a risk factor for a clot in the brain which can cause a stroke

Question 18

why can low soluble fibre intake cause CVD?

Answer 18

-decreases amount of LDL cholesterol in blood
-too much LDL can build up inside artery walls and cause an atheroma and atherosclerosis
-restricts blood flow which increases hypertension and causes heart attack and stroke

Question 19

why can being overweight and or obese effect the development of CVD ?

Answer 19

-increases risk of developing type 2 diabetes and hypertension which are risk factors for CVD
-abdominal adiposity which is when excess fact build up around organs in the abdominal area which build up cholesterol and risks an atheroma
-BMI over 25 increases risk of CVD

Question 20

why can hypertension effect the development of CVD?

Answer 20

-hypertension increases with age and puts more force on artery walls
-stresses blood vessel walls making them more likely to be damaged and makes them less flexible which makes them susceptible to the build up of plaque inside them causing atherosclerosis, causes the heart to work harder increasing risk of stroke and heart attack
-too much salt can increase hypertension as it unbalances fluid levels in blood which increases blood pressure and stiffens vessel walls

Question 21

why can type 2 diabetes effect the development of CVD?

Answer 21

-People with Type 2 diabetes are twice as likely to develop and die from CVD
-The longer you have diabetes, the greater the risk of heart disease due to damage to blood vessels being damaged

Question 22

what is the effect of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on the development of CVD?

Answer 22

-too much sat fat raise LDL cholesterol increases risk of heart attack
-LDL build up in walls causing atheroma and can develop atherosclerosis which restricts blood flow making the heart work faster and harder to pump blood around the body causing hypertension which increase risk of heart disease
-sat fat replaced with monounsaturated fat ( avocados and nuts) lowers LDL cholesterol and maintains HDL reducing risk of CVD, polyunsaturated fats can be eaten too (walnuts and salmon) lowers LDL cholesterol

Question 23

why can homocysteine effect the development of CVD?

Answer 23

-it is an amino acids, high levels of it can increase risk of CVD and hypertension, it promotes inflammation which can cause plaque formation inside artery walls causing atherosclerosis and cause heart disease

Question 24

what are some dietary factors to prevent CVD?

Answer 24

-Control portion size to avoid overeating.
-Eat more vegetables and fruits which are rich in vitamins and minerals.
-Select whole grains over refined grains.
-Limit unhealthy fats, such as saturated and trans fats.
-Choose low-fat protein sources, like lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and nuts.
-Reduce sodium intake to help control blood pressure.
-Limit added sugars and refined carbohydrates.
-If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation.

Question 25

what lifestyle factors that can prevent CVD?

Answer 25

• Quit smoking or using tobacco products.
  -Stay active: Aim for regular physical activity, about 30 to 60 minutes daily.
  -a heart-healthy diet, low in fat and high in fiber, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
  -Maintain a healthy weight: Keep your weight in check to reduce strain on your heart.
  -Manage blood pressure and cholesterol: Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help control these key factors.