CVD

Question 1

Define Blood pressure

Answer 1

Force excreted on the walls of the arteries by circulating blood

Question 2

What is considered high bp (clinical)

Answer 2

140/90 mgHg or more

Question 3

Define Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Build up of plaque in arteries

Question 4

Define Thrombosis

Answer 4

blood clots blocking blood vessels

Question 5

What is considered high BP (ambulatory

Answer 5

135/85 mgHg or higher

Question 6

Prevelance of hypertension in adults 45+ in 2010?

Answer 6

62.2%

Question 7

What conditions may promote elevated blood pressure?

Answer 7

• Kidney disease
• diabetes
• sleep apnoea
• caffeine
• obesity

Question 8

Non modefiable risk factors for HyperTensioN (HTN)

Answer 8

Gender: higher for men, increase in menopausal women
age: arteries lose elasticity. most people who develope HTN get it after 60
race: highest in african americans

Question 9

Modefiable HTN risk factors?

Answer 9

Obesity: strong link. weightloss (waist reduction) has beneficial effects.
Physical activity: aerobic excersises reduce systolic.
alc: 1-2 drinks daily increases pressure.
Diet: pottasium loweres bp. sodium increases bp
cigarettes

Question 10

fixed HTN risk factors

Answer 10

age
genetics
sex (male)
stress
low socioeconomic status.

Question 11

Reccomended nonpharmacological interventions?

Answer 11

Weightloss
DASH
Sodium reduction
Physical activity
Reduce alc.

Question 12

Sodium and HTN?

Answer 12

increases left ventriculat hyperthrophy. It gets thick and elevates the bp

Question 13

recomendation for salt intake?

Answer 13

currently, its around 11g. the SAFE UPPER LIMIT it 6g. realistic goal, but wishful thinking.
many recomnedations, vary from 3.75 to 5.

Question 14

Where does our salt intake come from

Answer 14

80% processed food
5% occurs naturally
10-15% we add at table and when cooking.

Question 15

what does DASH stand for?

Answer 15

Dietry approaches to stop hypertension

Question 16

what minerals are used to control BP in DASH

Answer 16

calcium, magnesium and potasium.

Question 17

What does dash promote?

Answer 17

Fruit and veg
low fat dairy
whole grain, chicken, fish and nuts.
fibre

Question 18

what does dash reduce?

Answer 18

red meat
sweets
sugary drinks
total fats, sat fats, cholesterol.

Question 19

what are t he effects of DASH?

Answer 19

within 2 weeks!!!!!
- reduction of systolic (-5.2) and diastolic (-2.6)BP. highest with people with high baseline weight and BP
- reduction in cholesterol and LDL.

overall:
lowers bp (esp if with low sodium) large difference.

Question 20

how much does DASH reduce risk of CHD

Answer 20

18%

Question 21

How does calcium affect BP?

Answer 21

inconclusive, some suggest it is beneficial a little

Question 22

How does low fat dairy impact BP?

Answer 22

Meta-analysis shoes theres some assosiation.

Question 23

How does magnesium affect BP?

Answer 23

inconsistant.

Question 24

How does excersise impact dash?

Answer 24

regular physical activity resulted in greater BP reductions than diet alone

Question 25

what is abdominal obesity?

Answer 25

waist circumfrance of 88+ in F and 102 in M

Question 26

how does weightloss impact triglycerides?

Answer 26

3kg loss assosiated with 15mg/dl decrease in triglycerides
5kg loss leads to 5mg/dl decrease in LDL.

Question 27

What does a weight intervention include?

Answer 27

500-100 kcal deficite
increased activity
behavioural change to increase adherance.
the longer the intervention, the better.

Question 28

What health benefits are aquiered from 5-10% weight loss?

Answer 28

decrease in:
- triglycerides by 30%
- LDL by 15%
- mortality by 20-30%
- BP by up to 6 mmhg
- diebetes risk by 58%
Increase in
- HDL by 10%

Question 29

What is Dislipidaemia

Answer 29

Imbalance of lipids, sich as cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglicerides and HDLs.

Question 30

What does cholesterol do in the body?

Answer 30

used to make steroid hormones, vid D synthesis and cell membranes. In the blood, transported by lipoptoteins.

Question 31

What do LDLs do

Answer 31

transport cholesterol from liver to tissues. increases the risk of heard disease

Question 32

what do HDLs do?

Answer 32

redistribute cholesterol to tissues that need it or to liver for removal.

Question 33

What do triglycetides do?

Answer 33

store energy. too much, block vessels.

Question 34

what does high cholesterol cause?

Answer 34

60% of CHD and 40% of strokes.

Question 35

WHat is hypercholesteremia

Answer 35

high levels of cholesterol in blood

Question 36

what enviormental and genetic factors are there to hypercholesteroalemia

Answer 36

Genetic:
- gene defect, famelial, that reduces cleranc of LDL from blood.
Enviorment:
- excess body weight
- sedentry lifestyle
- excess intake of sat. fats )7%+ of tot. energy)
- lak of fibre.
also, age increase chol, esp in women.

Question 37

what us plaque buildup?

Answer 37

oxidised LDL is incorporated into the walls of the arteries as plaque, causing narrowing of the arteries and an inflammatory response.
this can lead of o2 deprevation of cells, and cell death.

Question 38

what conditions promote Dyslipidaemia?

Answer 38

Genetics 1/250
- familial hypercholeterolaemia
- f. hypertriglyceridaemia
- f. combined hyperlipidaemia
diabetes
hyperthyroidism
medications
obesity

Question 39

how do different lipids impact LDL, HDL and tryglycerides?

Answer 39

Sat Fat:
+ LDL
+ HDL
+TG
Mono
- LDL
+ HDL
- TG
Poly
-LDL
no impact HDL
- TG
Trans
+LDL
-HDL
+TG

Question 40

SFA’s impact on FA profile?

Answer 40

up to 0.04nmmol/L od LDL increase from a 1% increase of energy from SFA.