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GNUS627/Cardiac/Physiology for Anesthesia > CV - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

CV - Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system? (Overview, Slide 3)
A

Transport essential substances to the tissues, remove by-products of metabolism, regulation of body temperature, humoral communication throughout body, adjustments of oxygen and nutrient supply in different physiologic states.

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2
Q
  1. Why is the heart considered 2 pumps? (Overview, Slide 5)
A

Right ventricle is to the pulmonary circulation and the left ventricle is to the systemic circulation.

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3
Q
  1. What parts of the heart cause unidirectional flow in the cardiovascular system?
A

Valves of the heart cause unidirectional flow (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic valves).

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4
Q
  1. What part of the circulation distributes blood to the tissues? (Overview, slide 5)
A

Systemic circulation (Arteries).

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5
Q
  1. What part of the circulation contains the majority of the total blood volume? (Overview, Slide 7)
A

Venous System has 70 % of the human body’s blood volume.

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6
Q
  1. The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in what part of the circulation? (Overview, Slide 7)
A

Arterioles.

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7
Q
  1. What is the function of the capillaries? (Klabunde, page 95)
A

Exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, electrolyte, proteins, metabolic substrates, and by-products, and circulating hormones are exchanged across the capillary endothelium between the plasma and the surrounding tissue interstitium.

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8
Q
  1. Is blood flow pulsatile or non-pulsatile in the capillaries? (Overview, Slide 9)
A

Non-pulsatile.

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9
Q
  1. As the cross-sectional area of a vascular bed increases, the velocity of blood flow increases or decreases? (Overview, Slide 10 )
A

Decreases - flow is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of the vascular bed

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10
Q
  1. What contributes to optimal conditions for capillary function? (Overview, Slide 10)
A

The blood flow velocity is very slow and continuous in the capillaries due to the large cross-sectional area.

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11
Q
  1. What is the control of blood flow related to in the majority of the tissue beds in the body?
A

Tissue needs. CO is controlled by sum of all local tissue flows

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12
Q
  1. Describe the boundaries of the mediastinum. (Anatomy, Slide 5)
A

Superior Mediastinum - sternal angle to lower border of T4 vertebral body.

Inferior mediastinum-
Anterior = space between sternum and pericardium ,
Middle = pericardium + heart,
Posterior = pericardium to vertebrae.

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13
Q
  1. In what part of the mediastinum is the heart located? (Anatomy, Slide 5)
A

Inferior Middle Portion

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14
Q
  1. Name the different layers of the pericardium. (Anatomy, Slide 7-8)
A

Fibrous pericardium (Furthest away from the heart)

Serous Pericardium (between fibrous and heart wall)

- Parietal pericardial (outer)
- Pericardial cavity (middle)
- Visceral pericardium (inner)
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15
Q

4.What nerves travel across the pericardium to the diaphragm? From which nerve roots do these nerves originate?

A

R & L Phrenic nerves, C3,4,5 (Keeps the Diaphragm Alive)

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16
Q

5.What is the sympathetic innervation to the heart? (Anatomy, Slide 11)

A

Cervical sympathetic nervous system is a continuation of the thoracic sympathetic trunk.
Middle cervical ganglion
Fusion of inferior cervical ganglion + 1st thoracic ganglion (Stellate ganglion)
T1-4 innervation cardiac accelerators
(TOP to BOTTOM INNERVATION)

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17
Q

6.What is the parasympathetic innervation to the heart? (Anatomy, Slide 11-12)

A

Originate in the medulla oblongata –> vagus nerves –> much innervation to SA and AV nodes, little innervation to ventricles.

18
Q
  1. What are the different pats of the conduction system? (Anatomy, Slide 14)
A 
-->Sinoatrial Node
     Interatrial conduction pathways (SA to LA)
     Internodal conduction pathways (SA to AV)
-->Atrioventricular Node
--> Bundle of His
-->Bundle Branches
--> Left Bundle Branch	
          Left anterior division
          Left posterior division
-->Right Bundle Branch
19
Q
  1. What structures are part of the right atrium? (Anatomy, Slide 19)
A

Superior & Inferior Vena Cavae
-Eustachian valve (Inf VC)
Crista terminalis (divides right atrium)
Right atrial appendage (right auricle) (Trabeculated = rough appearance)
Smooth portion of atrium around vena cavae
Coronary Sinus (venous drainage of heart)
Fossa Ovalis (Remnant of foramen ovale)
Tricuspid Valve

20
Q
  1. What is the coronary sinus? What does it drain into? (Anatomy, Slide 19)
A

Coronary sinus is the venous drainage of the heart and drains into the right atrium.

21
Q
  1. Describe the tricuspid valve apparatus. How many leaflets does the valve have?
A

Anterior, posterior, and septal leaflets. There are three leaflets.

22
Q
  1. The tricuspid valve separates which cardiac chambers? (Anatomy, Slide 39)
A

Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.

23
Q
  1. Describe the shape of the right ventricle in cross-section. (Anatomy, Slide 22)
A

Crescent shaped.

24
Q
  1. Describe the thickness of the walls of the RV in comparison to those of the LV. (Anatomy, Slide 22 & 27)
A

The right ventricle has a thin wall and the left ventricle has a thick wall.

25
Q
  1. Which portion of the ventricle is common to both the RV and LV? (Anatomy, Slide 27)
A

Septum

26
Q
  1. Describe the shape of the left ventricle in cross-section. (Anatomy, Slide 27)
A

Circular in the cross section.

27
Q
  1. How many pulmonary veins are normally present? What cardiac chamber do they drain into? (Anatomy, Slide 25)
A

four pulmonary veins. Drain into the left atrium

28
Q
  1. Is pulmonary vein blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? (Anatomy, Slide 25)
A

Pulmonary veins carry OXYGENATED blood to the heart.

29
Q
  1. In what left atrial structure may blood clots (thrombi) develop in the setting of atrial fibrillation? (Anatomy, Slide 25)
A

Left atrial appendage

30
Q
  1. What is the function of papillary muscles? (Guyton, Page 107)
A

Their function is to pull the vanes inward to prevent bulging back into the atria during ventricular contraction. Do not help the valve close!

31
Q
  1. What cardiac valves have associated papillary muscles? (Guyton, Page 107)
A

The Atrial-Ventricular valves have papillary muscles.

32
Q
  1. How many leaflets are found in a normal aortic valve? (Anatomy, Slide 31)
A

THREE leaflets

33
Q

22.Where are the origins of the coronary arteries in relationship to the aortic valve?
(Anatomy, Slide 33)

A

R. and L Coronary arteries originate in sinuses behind aortic valve leaflets.

34
Q

23.How many leaflets are found in the mitral valve? (Anatomy, Slide 35)

A

TWO leaflets

35
Q
  1. How many leaflets are found in the pulmonic valve? (Anatomy, Slide 42)
A

THREE leaflets

36
Q
  1. Know between which major structures the 4 valves are located (for example: the aortic valve separates the LV and the aorta). (Anatomy, Slide 43)
A

Tricuspid - RA & RV
Pulmonic - RV & PA
Mitral - LA & LV
Aortic - LV & Aorta

37
Q
  1. Know the major branches of the coronary arteries. (Anatomy, Slide 44)
A

The right coronary artery and the left coronary artery which bifurcates into the left anterior descending artery (diagonal braches) and the left circumflex(obtuse marginal).

38
Q
  1. What is the Ramus Intermedius? (Anatomy, Slide 44)
A

The ramus intermedius is a third branch from the left main artery and is found in 37% of the population.

39
Q
  1. What determines dominance in regards to the coronary arteries? (Anatomy, Slide 44)
A

Which artery supplies the posterior descending artery (PDA). 85% of people RCA supplies blood to PDA

40
Q
  1. Know the coronary artery blood supply to the various portions of the LV. (Anatomy, Slide 48)
A

LAD - septum, apex, inferior heart
LCx - Anterior Pappillary Muscle, mid posterior and posterior walls
PDA - Posterior Pappilary muscle, basal posterior wall

GNUS627/Cardiac/Physiology for Anesthesia (12 decks)

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