CV - Quiz 1 Flashcards
- What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system? (Overview, Slide 3)
Transport essential substances to the tissues, remove by-products of metabolism, regulation of body temperature, humoral communication throughout body, adjustments of oxygen and nutrient supply in different physiologic states.
- Why is the heart considered 2 pumps? (Overview, Slide 5)
Right ventricle is to the pulmonary circulation and the left ventricle is to the systemic circulation.
- What parts of the heart cause unidirectional flow in the cardiovascular system?
Valves of the heart cause unidirectional flow (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic valves).
- What part of the circulation distributes blood to the tissues? (Overview, slide 5)
Systemic circulation (Arteries).
- What part of the circulation contains the majority of the total blood volume? (Overview, Slide 7)
Venous System has 70 % of the human body’s blood volume.
- The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in what part of the circulation? (Overview, Slide 7)
Arterioles.
- What is the function of the capillaries? (Klabunde, page 95)
Exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, electrolyte, proteins, metabolic substrates, and by-products, and circulating hormones are exchanged across the capillary endothelium between the plasma and the surrounding tissue interstitium.
- Is blood flow pulsatile or non-pulsatile in the capillaries? (Overview, Slide 9)
Non-pulsatile.
- As the cross-sectional area of a vascular bed increases, the velocity of blood flow increases or decreases? (Overview, Slide 10 )
Decreases - flow is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of the vascular bed
- What contributes to optimal conditions for capillary function? (Overview, Slide 10)
The blood flow velocity is very slow and continuous in the capillaries due to the large cross-sectional area.
- What is the control of blood flow related to in the majority of the tissue beds in the body?
Tissue needs. CO is controlled by sum of all local tissue flows
- Describe the boundaries of the mediastinum. (Anatomy, Slide 5)
Superior Mediastinum - sternal angle to lower border of T4 vertebral body.
Inferior mediastinum-
Anterior = space between sternum and pericardium ,
Middle = pericardium + heart,
Posterior = pericardium to vertebrae.
- In what part of the mediastinum is the heart located? (Anatomy, Slide 5)
Inferior Middle Portion
- Name the different layers of the pericardium. (Anatomy, Slide 7-8)
Fibrous pericardium (Furthest away from the heart)
Serous Pericardium (between fibrous and heart wall)
- Parietal pericardial (outer) - Pericardial cavity (middle) - Visceral pericardium (inner)
4.What nerves travel across the pericardium to the diaphragm? From which nerve roots do these nerves originate?
R & L Phrenic nerves, C3,4,5 (Keeps the Diaphragm Alive)
5.What is the sympathetic innervation to the heart? (Anatomy, Slide 11)
Cervical sympathetic nervous system is a continuation of the thoracic sympathetic trunk.
Middle cervical ganglion
Fusion of inferior cervical ganglion + 1st thoracic ganglion (Stellate ganglion)
T1-4 innervation cardiac accelerators
(TOP to BOTTOM INNERVATION)
6.What is the parasympathetic innervation to the heart? (Anatomy, Slide 11-12)
Originate in the medulla oblongata –> vagus nerves –> much innervation to SA and AV nodes, little innervation to ventricles.
- What are the different pats of the conduction system? (Anatomy, Slide 14)
-->Sinoatrial Node
Interatrial conduction pathways (SA to LA)
Internodal conduction pathways (SA to AV)
-->Atrioventricular Node
--> Bundle of His
-->Bundle Branches
--> Left Bundle Branch
Left anterior division
Left posterior division
-->Right Bundle Branch- What structures are part of the right atrium? (Anatomy, Slide 19)
Superior & Inferior Vena Cavae
-Eustachian valve (Inf VC)
Crista terminalis (divides right atrium)
Right atrial appendage (right auricle) (Trabeculated = rough appearance)
Smooth portion of atrium around vena cavae
Coronary Sinus (venous drainage of heart)
Fossa Ovalis (Remnant of foramen ovale)
Tricuspid Valve
- What is the coronary sinus? What does it drain into? (Anatomy, Slide 19)
Coronary sinus is the venous drainage of the heart and drains into the right atrium.
- Describe the tricuspid valve apparatus. How many leaflets does the valve have?
Anterior, posterior, and septal leaflets. There are three leaflets.
- The tricuspid valve separates which cardiac chambers? (Anatomy, Slide 39)
Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
- Describe the shape of the right ventricle in cross-section. (Anatomy, Slide 22)
Crescent shaped.
- Describe the thickness of the walls of the RV in comparison to those of the LV. (Anatomy, Slide 22 & 27)
The right ventricle has a thin wall and the left ventricle has a thick wall.
- Which portion of the ventricle is common to both the RV and LV? (Anatomy, Slide 27)
Septum
- Describe the shape of the left ventricle in cross-section. (Anatomy, Slide 27)
Circular in the cross section.
- How many pulmonary veins are normally present? What cardiac chamber do they drain into? (Anatomy, Slide 25)
four pulmonary veins. Drain into the left atrium
- Is pulmonary vein blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? (Anatomy, Slide 25)
Pulmonary veins carry OXYGENATED blood to the heart.
- In what left atrial structure may blood clots (thrombi) develop in the setting of atrial fibrillation? (Anatomy, Slide 25)
Left atrial appendage
- What is the function of papillary muscles? (Guyton, Page 107)
Their function is to pull the vanes inward to prevent bulging back into the atria during ventricular contraction. Do not help the valve close!
- What cardiac valves have associated papillary muscles? (Guyton, Page 107)
The Atrial-Ventricular valves have papillary muscles.
- How many leaflets are found in a normal aortic valve? (Anatomy, Slide 31)
THREE leaflets
22.Where are the origins of the coronary arteries in relationship to the aortic valve?
(Anatomy, Slide 33)
R. and L Coronary arteries originate in sinuses behind aortic valve leaflets.
23.How many leaflets are found in the mitral valve? (Anatomy, Slide 35)
TWO leaflets
- How many leaflets are found in the pulmonic valve? (Anatomy, Slide 42)
THREE leaflets
- Know between which major structures the 4 valves are located (for example: the aortic valve separates the LV and the aorta). (Anatomy, Slide 43)
Tricuspid - RA & RV
Pulmonic - RV & PA
Mitral - LA & LV
Aortic - LV & Aorta
- Know the major branches of the coronary arteries. (Anatomy, Slide 44)
The right coronary artery and the left coronary artery which bifurcates into the left anterior descending artery (diagonal braches) and the left circumflex(obtuse marginal).
- What is the Ramus Intermedius? (Anatomy, Slide 44)
The ramus intermedius is a third branch from the left main artery and is found in 37% of the population.
- What determines dominance in regards to the coronary arteries? (Anatomy, Slide 44)
Which artery supplies the posterior descending artery (PDA). 85% of people RCA supplies blood to PDA
- Know the coronary artery blood supply to the various portions of the LV. (Anatomy, Slide 48)
LAD - septum, apex, inferior heart
LCx - Anterior Pappillary Muscle, mid posterior and posterior walls
PDA - Posterior Pappilary muscle, basal posterior wall
