CV A&P

Question 1

cardiac output

Answer 1

SV x HR = CO
–amount of blood that the heart pumps out of the left ventricle each minute

Question 2

CO and HF

Answer 2

CO is diminished in HF because the left ventricle is weakened and cannot adequately pump blood out of the chamber

Question 3

SV is the difference between…

Answer 3

volume of blood at the end of relaxation and residual volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection

Question 4

three major factors influencing SV

Answer 4

(1) preload
(2) afterload
(3) myocardial contractility

Question 5

preload

Answer 5

stretch of cardiac muscle cells before contraction

Question 6

afterload

Answer 6

resistance that must be overcome in order to eject blood from the chamber

Question 7

contractility

Answer 7

contractile capabilities of the heart

Question 8

relationship between preload and SV

Answer 8

lower preload = lower SV

Question 9

Frank-Starling Law

Answer 9

an increase in resting muscle fiber length results in greater muscle tension
ex. the heart has the ability to change its force of contraction in response to changes in venous return

Question 10

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 10

a force that attempts to push fluid out of the capillary pores and into the interstitial and intracellular spaces
ex. water pushing pressure

Question 11

oncotic (osmotic) pressure

Answer 11

force that attempts to pull fluid from the interstitial and intracellular spaces into the capillary
ex. water pulling pressure

Question 12

Starling’s Law of Capillary Forces

Answer 12

oncotic pressure forces and hydrostatic pressure forces oppose each other at every capillary membrane and attempt to balance each other out

Question 13

left ventricular afterload

Answer 13

primarily determined by aortic blood pressure

Question 14

afterload and SV

Answer 14

a decrease in afterload will lead to a decrease in SV unless the heart compensates

Question 15

determination of contractility

Answer 15

primarily determined by the amount of free calcium within the myocardial cell

Question 16

contractility and SV

Answer 16

increased contractility increases SV by causing a greater % of the volume to be ejected

Question 17

heart blood flow

Answer 17

vena cavae/coronary sinus –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta

Question 18

backward effect of failing left ventricle

Answer 18

creates a buildup of hydrostatic pressure in the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary capillaries

Question 19

forward failure effects

Answer 19

cause decreased perfusion of the brain, kidneys, and other organs

Question 20

example of backward effect in LVF

Answer 20

pulmonary edema

Question 21

crackles with mild pulmonary edema

Answer 21

fine crackles

Question 22

crackles with severe pulmonary edema

Answer 22

coarse, bubble-like

Question 23

sputum with severe pulmonary edema

Answer 23

pink, frothy sputum

Question 24

LVF backward effects

Answer 24

–dyspnea
–cough
–orthopnea
–paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
–crackles in lungs

Question 25

forward effects in LVF definition

Answer 25

–cause inadequate ejection of blood into the aorta and diminished perfusion throughout whole arterial circulatory system
–decreased perfusion of vital tissues activates a neurohormonal response that includes stimulation of RAAS, ADH, and SNS

Question 26

adrenergic stimulation of heart

Answer 26

increases HR

Question 27

adrenergic stimulation of vasculature

Answer 27

vasoconstriction

Question 28

diminished perfusion and posterior pituitary

Answer 28

releases ADH, which acts on the nephrons to increase water reabsorption into the bloodstream and, in turn, leads to increased BV