cutaneous pt 3

Question 1

placebo effect

Answer 1

decrease in pain due to treatment with no physiological effect

Question 2

nocebo effect

Answer 2

increase in pain due to treatment with no physiological effect

Question 3

expectations can improve or diminish the effects of actual treatment

Answer 3

found that within those given the drug, people with positive expectations had the lowest pain, people with negative had the highest and people with no expectation still improved a little

Question 4

specificity of placebo

Answer 4

improvement of pain was seen only where cream was applied

may be evidence that endorphins are released at specific locations where placebo is applied

Question 5

placebo in mind and brain

Answer 5

induces changes in fMRI in anticipation and experience of pain
found decrease in ACC and insula but not somatosensory cortex
increased DLPFC which is top down control of pain