Cumulative Review Flashcards
superciliary arches
brow arches, directly superior to orbits (eye sockets)
superior nuchal line
directly lateral to the external occipital protuberance, on the occipital bone. Marks the superior extent of the posterior neck muscles and serves as the boundary between head and neck
mastoid process
just posterior to the ear
temporalis muscle
superior and anterior to ear
occipitofrontalis muscles
raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
lacrimal fossa
a small depression on the medial aspect of the eye socket, contains the tear-gathering lacrimal sac.
Root
most superior part of the nose, between the eyebrows
Bridge
just inferior to root, between the eyes, formed by the nasal bones
Apex
tip of nose
Nasal septum
separates the external nares (nostrils)
Philtrum
shallow vertical groove on the upper lip
Auricle
shell-like part of the ear surrounding the external auditory canal/meatus.
Helix
ear’s outer rim, moves inferiorly to the lobule (ear lobe)
Tragus
stiff projection just anterior to the external auditory canal
Superficial temporal artery
anterior to the auricle
Zygomatic arch
formed by the temporal and zygomatic arch
Bell?s Palsy
paralyzed face muscles due to damage to cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
Mandible
has the anterior body, and posterior ascending ramus
Masseter muscle
over the mandibular ramus
Facial artery
inferior to the anterior border of the masseter muscle
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
anterior to external auditory meatus
Vertebral prominens
spine of C7 on the back of the neck
Hyoid bone
lies in the angle between the floor of the mouth and the vertical part of the neck
Laryngeal prominence (Adam?s apple)
inferior to hyoid bone
Cricothyroid ligament
cut across this in cricothryrodomies
Cricoid cartilage
inferior to Adam?s apple and cricothyroid ligament
Trachea
inferior to cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
over the 2nd to 4th tracheal rings
Jugular notch
depression in the inferior part of the sternum
Sternocleidomastoid
turns head to side, lymph nodes are superficial and deep to this muscle, swollen indicates infection or cancer
Common carotid a
deep to sternocleidomastoid
Internal jugular v.
deep to sternocleidomastoid
Subclavian a
lateral to the inferior part of the sternocleidomastoid
External carotid a
can feel a strong carotid pulse
External jugular v.
descends vertically just superficial to the SCM
Anterior triangle of the neck
superiorly by the inferior border of the mandible, the midline of the neck anteriorly, the SCM posteriorly. Includes important structures like the submandibular gland (salivary gland), parts of carotid a. and jugular v.
Posterior triangle
SCM anteriorly, trapezius posteriorly, clavicle inferiorly. Contains the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), most of the cervical plexus, and the phrenic nerve.
Posterior median furrow
vertical groove in the center of the back
Triangle of auscultation
triangle that muscles of the back fail to cover, where the physician listens for lung sounds. Formed by the trapezius medially, the scapula laterally, and the latissimus dorsi inferiorly
Sternal angle
where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum, directs you to the second rib.
Midclavicular line
line that runs inferiorly to the midpoint of the clavicle.
Linea alba
tendon running from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis (passing through the umbilicus)
Abdominal quadrants
where the physician listens for bowel sounds
Natal/gluteal cleft
separates butt cheeks
Gluteal fold
horizontal fold on the inferior margin of each butt cheek
Ischial tuberosity
superior to the medial side of each gluteal fold, support the body?s weight during sitting
Iliac crests
hips
Supracristal line
horizontal line that passes through the superior part of the iliac crests, intersects L4, essential for performing a lumbar puncture
Sacrum
superior to the cleft of the buttock
Greater trochanter
anterior and 10cm inferior to the iliac crest
Sacroiliac joint
three finger widths lateral to the midline of the back under the dimples on the skin.
Base of axilla
armpit, axillary lymph nodes are deep to this
Deltoid muscle
location of IM injections
Medial bicipital furrow
medial boundary of the bicep, contains the large brachial artery where you can feel the brachial pulse, also used to measure blood pressure
Epicondyles
two projections of the humerus, the olecranon process of the ulna lies between them
Ulnar nerve
along the posterior surface of the medial epicondyle
Antecubital fossa
triangular depression on the anterior surface of the elbow, defined by the brachioradialis and pronator teres inferiorly
Median cubital vein
in the antecubital fossa, where blood is drawn from and where IV catheters are place to give medications, transfuse flood and nutrient fluids
Anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis longus m. and extensor pollicis brevis m. laterally and the extensor pollicis longus medially, contains the radial artery (can take radial pulse here)
Dorsal venous network
superficial veins on dorsal aspect of hand, site for drawing blood.
Epidermal ridges
fingerprints
Flexion creases
on hand
Thenar eminence
bulge on hand that contains thumb muscle
Hypothenar eminence
bulge on palm that contains muscle that move pinky
Sciatic nerve
deep to gluteal maximus so need to be careful when giving IM injections in this area
Gluteus medius
superior to butt cheeks, actual site of IM injections
Vastus lateralis
site of IM injection in children
Femoral triangle
formed by the inguinal ligament superiorly, the adductor longus medially and the Sartorius laterally, contains the femoral a and v., can stop bleeding if push down here, femoral vein for cutdowns
Patellar ligament
inserts at the tibial tuberosity
Common fibular nerve
wraps around the neck of the fibula, supplies the anterior leg and foot
Lateral malleolus
of fibula
Medial malleolus
of tibia
Popliteal fossa
on the posterior aspect of the knee, contains the popliteal a and v. if can?t feel a pulse here you may have atherosclerosis in your femoral artery
Peroneal/fibularis muscles
cover the fibula
Dorsal venous arch
on the superficial aspect of the foot, gives rise to the saphenous veins
Dorsalis pedis artery
between the 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones
Saphenous vein
3 finger widths superior to medial malleolus, cutdowns
Cephalic vein
in median bicipital furrow, cutdowns
Anatomical position
Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and the feet together
Homeostasis
all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment (keep variable within certain range); Dynamic equilibrium, balance of opposing of forces
2 mechanisms of regulation
Autoregulation (intrinsic)- automatic response in that tissue, Extrinsic regulation- response by nervous or endocrine system
Negative feedback
response of the effector negates the stimulus
Positive feedback
response of effector increases change of the stimulus; body moved away from homeostasis, used to speed up processes
Functions of body cavities and membranes
protect body from accidental shocks, permit changes in size and shape of internal organs
Ventral body cavity (coelom)
Made up of thoracic cavity (pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial) and abdominopelvic cavity (peritoneal cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)
What are serous membranes
They line body cavities and cover organs. They consist of a parietal layer that lines the cavity and a visceral layer that clings to the organ
Tight junctions
often between epithelial cells to prevent movement
Anchoring junctions
keep cells together in areas with lots of movement
Gap junctions
created by connexons to allow ion flow and coordinated movement
Gradients
Things flow down their concentration gradient, Na+ and Cl- are higher outside the cell, K+ is higher inside the cell
Channels
Allow small molecules that can?t pass through the phospholipid bilayer (like ions) to cross the membrane
Passive diffusion
Flowing down the concentration gradient, but too large to fit through channels, so need a carrier protein (ex. Amino acids and glucose)
Diffusion rate is affected by
the distance , molecular size, temperature, concentration gradient and electrical forces
osmosis
diffusion of water
osmolarity
total solute concentration of a solution
tonicity
description of how the solute concentration affects a cell, only takes into account non-penetrating solutes (those that can’t cross membrane)
Can water flow if the intra/extra osmolarities are equal?
Yes if the concentration of a specific ion is greater outside so it enters the cell and causes water to follow
Active transport
pumping something against its gradient
primary
direct use of ATP to pump something
secondary
using another molecules movement down its concentration gradient to pump a different molecule against its concentration gradient
Function of epithelial tissue
Physical protection, Control permeability, Provide sensations, Produce secretions (glands cells/glandular epithelium)
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration
Simple squamous
diffusion, increases friction and permeability, secretion
Simple cuboidal
section and absorption
Simple columnar
secretion, absorption and protection
Stratified squamous
protection
Stratified cuboidal
protection, secretion and absorption
Pseudostratified columnar
protection, secretion (especially mucus), only 1 layer, usually contains cilia
Stratified columnar
rare, protection
Transitional
expansion and recoil
Functions of connective tissue
Establish structural framework, Transport fluid and substances, Protect organs, Support other tissues, Store energy reserves, Defend from microorganisms, Connect epithelium via the reticular lamina
Characteristics of connective tissue
Specialized cells, Have no contact with the environment, Matrix composed of fluid ground substance and solid protein fibers makes up the majority of tissue volume and determines function
Dense regular CT vs Dense irregular CT
Dense regular CT- parallel collagen fibers, includes tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses; Dense irregular CT- fibers go in different directions so can withstand pressure from all directions, includes periosteum, perichondrium, skin, and capsules around organs
Layers of the epidermis
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratam basale
Layers of the dermis
Papillary layer and Reticular Layer
Function of papillary layer
nourishes and supports dermis
Function of the reticular layer
restricts spreading of pathogens, connects skin to deeper tissues, thermoregulation
Describe the hypodermis
Technically not part of the integument; Function- allows the skin to move independently of underlying tissue, and stabilizes the skin; Structure- contains few capillaries or vital organs, made of elastic, areolar and adipose tissue
Rule of 9’s
How to quantify surface area affected by burns; Head 9%, Uperlimbs 18%, Trunk 36%, Genitalia 1%, Lower limbs 36%
Primary functions of skeletal system
Support, Storage of minerals (calcium) and lipids (yellow marrow), Blood cell production, Protection, Leverage (moving the body)
Structure of a long bone
Epiphysis: at ends of the bone, usually spongy bone; Metaphysis: separates the diaphysis and epiphysis; Diaphysis:compact bone, contains the medullary cavity
Compact bone vs spongy bone
Compared to compact bone, spongy bone:Has no central canal for blood supply, Has each strut covered by endosteum, Is less dense
Osteocytes
maintain bone,
Osteoblasts
secrete bone matrix
Osteoprogenitor cells
becomes osteocyte or osteoblast
Osteoclasts
digests bone matrix
Endochondral ossification
Chondrocytes in middle grow big and die in calcifying matrix, Blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage, Blood vessels penetrate central region and fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone at primary ossification center, Medullary cavity is formed and cartilage near epiphysis is replaced by bone, Vessels and osteoblasts migrate to epiphysis and create the secondary ossification center, Spongy bone is formed in the epiphysis and the epiphyseal plate is formed, Cartilage is continually replaced by bone until growth stops
Intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal cells cluster together and secrete matrix producing osteoid which becomes crystallized. Osteoblasts get trapped in matrix and become osteocytes, Spicule formation traps vessels forming the central canal, Spongy bone it formed initially, but with remodeling compact bone can be formed
Pott?s Fracture
occurs at the ankle, affects both the tibia and fibula
Comminuted Fracture
bone shatters resulting in many fragments
Transverse Fracture
break across the long axis
Spiral Fracture
due to twisting forces spreading down the length of bone
Displaced Fracture
produce new, abnormal bone arrangements
Colle?s Fracture
break in the distal radius (usually from a fall)
Greenstick Fracture
break on one side of the radius, but not the other, occurs in children
Epiphyseal Fracture
occur where bone matrix is undergoing calcification
Compression Fracture
due to extreme stress, occurs in the vertebrae
Synarthoses
immovable joint
Amphiarthroses
slightly movable joint
Diarthroses
freely movable joint
First class lever
fulcrum is in the middle of the applied force and resistance
Second class lever
fulcrum, resistance, applied force, rare in the body. A small force can move a large weight, but sacrifice distance moved
Third class lever
fulcrum, applied force, resistance. Have to use more force, but can move objects over a long range, allows greater control, most common
relationship between stability and movement
the more movement a joint has the lower its stability
ligaments of the knee
Patellar ligament, 2 popliteal ligaments, ACL and PCL, Tibial collateral ligament, Fibular collateral ligament
associated structures of the knee
Articular capsule, Medial and lateral menisci- pair of fibrocartilage pads, Fat pads and bursae
Movement of the knee
Functions as a hinge joint- flexion, extension and limited rotation
Gliding movement
two surfaces slide past each other
Flexion
decrease in joint angle
Extension
increase in joint angle
Hyperextension
extension past anatomical position
Abduction
movement away from body
Adduction
movement toward body
Circumduction
combination of many types of movements
Layers of CT surrounding muscle tissue
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
Epimysium
collagen fibers surrounding entire muscle
Perimysium
surrounds a fascicle
Endomysium
surrounds an individual muscle fiber
A band
entire length of thick filament (contains H, M, Z)
H band
part of A band where there are no thin filaments
M line
middle of sarcomere, connects center of each thick filament
Zone of overlap
part of A where there are no thin filaments
I band
region where its only thin filaments (contains Z)
Z line
marks the end of a sarcomere
Sarcomere changes during contraction
H band and A band get smaller , Zones of overlap get larger, Z lines mover closer together, Width of A band remains constant
Excitation-contraction coupling
Ach from the motor neuron binds on the muscle fiber, opening Na+ channels, depolarizing the sarcolemma. The action potential rushes down the T-tubule causing the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca2+ binds troponin- tropomyosin moves off binding site. Myosin undergoes power stroke and releases ADP. ATP binds myosin head and causes detachment from actin. Free myosin head splits ATP and reenters energized state
effects of repeated stimulations
less time to pump calcium back into SR means more calcium is present in the sarcoplasm to bind and allow contraction- greater force production. If continuous stimulation occurs max tension is reached because all available calcium is in the sarcoplasm (tetanus)
isometric contraction
overall length of muscle is not changing
isotonic contraction
same weight is used throughout the lift
