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Anatomy and Physiology > Cumulative Review > Flashcards

Cumulative Review Flashcards

1
Q

superciliary arches

A

brow arches, directly superior to orbits (eye sockets)

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2
Q

superior nuchal line

A

directly lateral to the external occipital protuberance, on the occipital bone. Marks the superior extent of the posterior neck muscles and serves as the boundary between head and neck

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3
Q

mastoid process

A

just posterior to the ear

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4
Q

temporalis muscle

A

superior and anterior to ear

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5
Q

occipitofrontalis muscles

A

raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

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6
Q

lacrimal fossa

A

a small depression on the medial aspect of the eye socket, contains the tear-gathering lacrimal sac.

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7
Q

Root

A

most superior part of the nose, between the eyebrows

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8
Q

Bridge

A

just inferior to root, between the eyes, formed by the nasal bones

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9
Q

Apex

A

tip of nose

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10
Q

Nasal septum

A

separates the external nares (nostrils)

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11
Q

Philtrum

A

shallow vertical groove on the upper lip

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12
Q

Auricle

A

shell-like part of the ear surrounding the external auditory canal/meatus.

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13
Q

Helix

A

ear’s outer rim, moves inferiorly to the lobule (ear lobe)

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14
Q

Tragus

A

stiff projection just anterior to the external auditory canal

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15
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A

anterior to the auricle

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16
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

formed by the temporal and zygomatic arch

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17
Q

Bell?s Palsy

A

paralyzed face muscles due to damage to cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

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18
Q

Mandible

A

has the anterior body, and posterior ascending ramus

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19
Q

Masseter muscle

A

over the mandibular ramus

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20
Q

Facial artery

A

inferior to the anterior border of the masseter muscle

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21
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

anterior to external auditory meatus

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22
Q

Vertebral prominens

A

spine of C7 on the back of the neck

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23
Q

Hyoid bone

A

lies in the angle between the floor of the mouth and the vertical part of the neck

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24
Q

Laryngeal prominence (Adam?s apple)

A

inferior to hyoid bone

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25
Q

Cricothyroid ligament

A

cut across this in cricothryrodomies

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26
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

inferior to Adam?s apple and cricothyroid ligament

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27
Q

Trachea

A

inferior to cricoid cartilage

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28
Q

Thyroid gland

A

over the 2nd to 4th tracheal rings

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29
Q

Jugular notch

A

depression in the inferior part of the sternum

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30
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

turns head to side, lymph nodes are superficial and deep to this muscle, swollen indicates infection or cancer

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31
Q

Common carotid a

A

deep to sternocleidomastoid

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32
Q

Internal jugular v.

A

deep to sternocleidomastoid

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33
Q

Subclavian a

A

lateral to the inferior part of the sternocleidomastoid

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34
Q

External carotid a

A

can feel a strong carotid pulse

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35
Q

External jugular v.

A

descends vertically just superficial to the SCM

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36
Q

Anterior triangle of the neck

A

superiorly by the inferior border of the mandible, the midline of the neck anteriorly, the SCM posteriorly. Includes important structures like the submandibular gland (salivary gland), parts of carotid a. and jugular v.

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37
Q

Posterior triangle

A

SCM anteriorly, trapezius posteriorly, clavicle inferiorly. Contains the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), most of the cervical plexus, and the phrenic nerve.

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38
Q

Posterior median furrow

A

vertical groove in the center of the back

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39
Q

Triangle of auscultation

A

triangle that muscles of the back fail to cover, where the physician listens for lung sounds. Formed by the trapezius medially, the scapula laterally, and the latissimus dorsi inferiorly

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40
Q

Sternal angle

A

where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum, directs you to the second rib.

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41
Q

Midclavicular line

A

line that runs inferiorly to the midpoint of the clavicle.

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42
Q

Linea alba

A

tendon running from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis (passing through the umbilicus)

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43
Q

Abdominal quadrants

A

where the physician listens for bowel sounds

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44
Q

Natal/gluteal cleft

A

separates butt cheeks

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45
Q

Gluteal fold

A

horizontal fold on the inferior margin of each butt cheek

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46
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A

superior to the medial side of each gluteal fold, support the body?s weight during sitting

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47
Q

Iliac crests

A

hips

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48
Q

Supracristal line

A

horizontal line that passes through the superior part of the iliac crests, intersects L4, essential for performing a lumbar puncture

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49
Q

Sacrum

A

superior to the cleft of the buttock

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50
Q

Greater trochanter

A

anterior and 10cm inferior to the iliac crest

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51
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

three finger widths lateral to the midline of the back under the dimples on the skin.

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52
Q

Base of axilla

A

armpit, axillary lymph nodes are deep to this

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53
Q

Deltoid muscle

A

location of IM injections

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54
Q

Medial bicipital furrow

A

medial boundary of the bicep, contains the large brachial artery where you can feel the brachial pulse, also used to measure blood pressure

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55
Q

Epicondyles

A

two projections of the humerus, the olecranon process of the ulna lies between them

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56
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

along the posterior surface of the medial epicondyle

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57
Q

Antecubital fossa

A

triangular depression on the anterior surface of the elbow, defined by the brachioradialis and pronator teres inferiorly

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58
Q

Median cubital vein

A

in the antecubital fossa, where blood is drawn from and where IV catheters are place to give medications, transfuse flood and nutrient fluids

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59
Q

Anatomical snuff box

A

abductor pollicis longus m. and extensor pollicis brevis m. laterally and the extensor pollicis longus medially, contains the radial artery (can take radial pulse here)

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60
Q

Dorsal venous network

A

superficial veins on dorsal aspect of hand, site for drawing blood.

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61
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

fingerprints

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62
Q

Flexion creases

A

on hand

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63
Q

Thenar eminence

A

bulge on hand that contains thumb muscle

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64
Q

Hypothenar eminence

A

bulge on palm that contains muscle that move pinky

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65
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

deep to gluteal maximus so need to be careful when giving IM injections in this area

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66
Q

Gluteus medius

A

superior to butt cheeks, actual site of IM injections

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67
Q

Vastus lateralis

A

site of IM injection in children

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68
Q

Femoral triangle

A

formed by the inguinal ligament superiorly, the adductor longus medially and the Sartorius laterally, contains the femoral a and v., can stop bleeding if push down here, femoral vein for cutdowns

69
Q

Patellar ligament

A

inserts at the tibial tuberosity

70
Q

Common fibular nerve

A

wraps around the neck of the fibula, supplies the anterior leg and foot

71
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

of fibula

72
Q

Medial malleolus

A

of tibia

73
Q

Popliteal fossa

A

on the posterior aspect of the knee, contains the popliteal a and v. if can?t feel a pulse here you may have atherosclerosis in your femoral artery

74
Q

Peroneal/fibularis muscles

A

cover the fibula

75
Q

Dorsal venous arch

A

on the superficial aspect of the foot, gives rise to the saphenous veins

76
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

between the 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones

77
Q

Saphenous vein

A

3 finger widths superior to medial malleolus, cutdowns

78
Q

Cephalic vein

A

in median bicipital furrow, cutdowns

79
Q

Anatomical position

A

Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and the feet together

80
Q

Homeostasis

A

all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment (keep variable within certain range); Dynamic equilibrium, balance of opposing of forces

81
Q

2 mechanisms of regulation

A

Autoregulation (intrinsic)- automatic response in that tissue, Extrinsic regulation- response by nervous or endocrine system

82
Q

Negative feedback

A

response of the effector negates the stimulus

83
Q

Positive feedback

A

response of effector increases change of the stimulus; body moved away from homeostasis, used to speed up processes

84
Q

Functions of body cavities and membranes

A

protect body from accidental shocks, permit changes in size and shape of internal organs

85
Q

Ventral body cavity (coelom)

A

Made up of thoracic cavity (pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial) and abdominopelvic cavity (peritoneal cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)

86
Q

What are serous membranes

A

They line body cavities and cover organs. They consist of a parietal layer that lines the cavity and a visceral layer that clings to the organ

87
Q

Tight junctions

A

often between epithelial cells to prevent movement

88
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

keep cells together in areas with lots of movement

89
Q

Gap junctions

A

created by connexons to allow ion flow and coordinated movement

90
Q

Gradients

A

Things flow down their concentration gradient, Na+ and Cl- are higher outside the cell, K+ is higher inside the cell

91
Q

Channels

A

Allow small molecules that can?t pass through the phospholipid bilayer (like ions) to cross the membrane

92
Q

Passive diffusion

A

Flowing down the concentration gradient, but too large to fit through channels, so need a carrier protein (ex. Amino acids and glucose)

93
Q

Diffusion rate is affected by

A

the distance , molecular size, temperature, concentration gradient and electrical forces

94
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water

95
Q

osmolarity

A

total solute concentration of a solution

96
Q

tonicity

A

description of how the solute concentration affects a cell, only takes into account non-penetrating solutes (those that can’t cross membrane)

97
Q

Can water flow if the intra/extra osmolarities are equal?

A

Yes if the concentration of a specific ion is greater outside so it enters the cell and causes water to follow

98
Q

Active transport

A

pumping something against its gradient

99
Q

primary

A

direct use of ATP to pump something

100
Q

secondary

A

using another molecules movement down its concentration gradient to pump a different molecule against its concentration gradient

101
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Physical protection, Control permeability, Provide sensations, Produce secretions (glands cells/glandular epithelium)

102
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

103
Q

Simple squamous

A

diffusion, increases friction and permeability, secretion

104
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

section and absorption

105
Q

Simple columnar

A

secretion, absorption and protection

106
Q

Stratified squamous

A

protection

107
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

protection, secretion and absorption

108
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

protection, secretion (especially mucus), only 1 layer, usually contains cilia

109
Q

Stratified columnar

A

rare, protection

110
Q

Transitional

A

expansion and recoil

111
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Establish structural framework, Transport fluid and substances, Protect organs, Support other tissues, Store energy reserves, Defend from microorganisms, Connect epithelium via the reticular lamina

112
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Specialized cells, Have no contact with the environment, Matrix composed of fluid ground substance and solid protein fibers makes up the majority of tissue volume and determines function

113
Q

Dense regular CT vs Dense irregular CT

A

Dense regular CT- parallel collagen fibers, includes tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses; Dense irregular CT- fibers go in different directions so can withstand pressure from all directions, includes periosteum, perichondrium, skin, and capsules around organs

114
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratam basale

115
Q

Layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer and Reticular Layer

116
Q

Function of papillary layer

A

nourishes and supports dermis

117
Q

Function of the reticular layer

A

restricts spreading of pathogens, connects skin to deeper tissues, thermoregulation

118
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Technically not part of the integument; Function- allows the skin to move independently of underlying tissue, and stabilizes the skin; Structure- contains few capillaries or vital organs, made of elastic, areolar and adipose tissue

119
Q

Rule of 9’s

A

How to quantify surface area affected by burns; Head 9%, Uperlimbs 18%, Trunk 36%, Genitalia 1%, Lower limbs 36%

120
Q

Primary functions of skeletal system

A

Support, Storage of minerals (calcium) and lipids (yellow marrow), Blood cell production, Protection, Leverage (moving the body)

121
Q

Structure of a long bone

A

Epiphysis: at ends of the bone, usually spongy bone; Metaphysis: separates the diaphysis and epiphysis; Diaphysis:compact bone, contains the medullary cavity

122
Q

Compact bone vs spongy bone

A

Compared to compact bone, spongy bone:Has no central canal for blood supply, Has each strut covered by endosteum, Is less dense

123
Q

Osteocytes

A

maintain bone,

124
Q

Osteoblasts

A

secrete bone matrix

125
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

becomes osteocyte or osteoblast

126
Q

Osteoclasts

A

digests bone matrix

127
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Chondrocytes in middle grow big and die in calcifying matrix, Blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage, Blood vessels penetrate central region and fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone at primary ossification center, Medullary cavity is formed and cartilage near epiphysis is replaced by bone, Vessels and osteoblasts migrate to epiphysis and create the secondary ossification center, Spongy bone is formed in the epiphysis and the epiphyseal plate is formed, Cartilage is continually replaced by bone until growth stops

128
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells cluster together and secrete matrix producing osteoid which becomes crystallized. Osteoblasts get trapped in matrix and become osteocytes, Spicule formation traps vessels forming the central canal, Spongy bone it formed initially, but with remodeling compact bone can be formed

129
Q

Pott?s Fracture

A

occurs at the ankle, affects both the tibia and fibula

130
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

bone shatters resulting in many fragments

131
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

break across the long axis

132
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

due to twisting forces spreading down the length of bone

133
Q

Displaced Fracture

A

produce new, abnormal bone arrangements

134
Q

Colle?s Fracture

A

break in the distal radius (usually from a fall)

135
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

break on one side of the radius, but not the other, occurs in children

136
Q

Epiphyseal Fracture

A

occur where bone matrix is undergoing calcification

137
Q

Compression Fracture

A

due to extreme stress, occurs in the vertebrae

138
Q

Synarthoses

A

immovable joint

139
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joint

140
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely movable joint

141
Q

First class lever

A

fulcrum is in the middle of the applied force and resistance

142
Q

Second class lever

A

fulcrum, resistance, applied force, rare in the body. A small force can move a large weight, but sacrifice distance moved

143
Q

Third class lever

A

fulcrum, applied force, resistance. Have to use more force, but can move objects over a long range, allows greater control, most common

144
Q

relationship between stability and movement

A

the more movement a joint has the lower its stability

145
Q

ligaments of the knee

A

Patellar ligament, 2 popliteal ligaments, ACL and PCL, Tibial collateral ligament, Fibular collateral ligament

146
Q

associated structures of the knee

A

Articular capsule, Medial and lateral menisci- pair of fibrocartilage pads, Fat pads and bursae

147
Q

Movement of the knee

A

Functions as a hinge joint- flexion, extension and limited rotation

148
Q

Gliding movement

A

two surfaces slide past each other

149
Q

Flexion

A

decrease in joint angle

150
Q

Extension

A

increase in joint angle

151
Q

Hyperextension

A

extension past anatomical position

152
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from body

153
Q

Adduction

A

movement toward body

154
Q

Circumduction

A

combination of many types of movements

155
Q

Layers of CT surrounding muscle tissue

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

156
Q

Epimysium

A

collagen fibers surrounding entire muscle

157
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds a fascicle

158
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds an individual muscle fiber

159
Q

A band

A

entire length of thick filament (contains H, M, Z)

160
Q

H band

A

part of A band where there are no thin filaments

161
Q

M line

A

middle of sarcomere, connects center of each thick filament

162
Q

Zone of overlap

A

part of A where there are no thin filaments

163
Q

I band

A

region where its only thin filaments (contains Z)

164
Q

Z line

A

marks the end of a sarcomere

165
Q

Sarcomere changes during contraction

A

H band and A band get smaller , Zones of overlap get larger, Z lines mover closer together, Width of A band remains constant

166
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

Ach from the motor neuron binds on the muscle fiber, opening Na+ channels, depolarizing the sarcolemma. The action potential rushes down the T-tubule causing the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca2+ binds troponin- tropomyosin moves off binding site. Myosin undergoes power stroke and releases ADP. ATP binds myosin head and causes detachment from actin. Free myosin head splits ATP and reenters energized state

167
Q

effects of repeated stimulations

A

less time to pump calcium back into SR means more calcium is present in the sarcoplasm to bind and allow contraction- greater force production. If continuous stimulation occurs max tension is reached because all available calcium is in the sarcoplasm (tetanus)

168
Q

isometric contraction

A

overall length of muscle is not changing

169
Q

isotonic contraction

A

same weight is used throughout the lift

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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