Cumulative Portion Flashcards
Which of the following do NOT have an effect of muscle fibers? Change in the number of mitochondria Change in fuel use Change in fiber size Change in the number of RBC
∆ in # of RBCs
Which of the following is NOT a sign of diestrus? Panting Kicking Striking Squealing
Panting
What is the study of the body’s structure? Physiology Anatomy Thermoregulation Exercise
Anatomy
Which of the following is not an important nutrient to consider in horses? Water Minerals Protein Glycogen
Glycogen
What role about electrolytes is NOT true?
Electrolytes balances fluids and acid/base
It does not transport nutrients
There is nerve transmission
There are gastric secretions
It does not transport nutrients
In the respiratory system what factor does not increase the respiratory rate?
A increase in CO2 in the blood from aerobic metabolism
A decrease in the O2 content of the blood
The stride frequency, limb movement and high body temperatures
A increase in the blood pH
A increase in the blood pH
Which system delivers nutrients and gases to the parts of the body where they are needed? Respiratory System Circulatory System Muscular System Nervous System
Circulatory System
Which of the following cardiovascular factors will increase Vo2 max ?
Ability to decrease stroke volume
Low splenic contraction
Ability to decrease heart rate
Heart size and characteristics that increase cardiac output
Heart size and characteristics that increase cardiac output
What breed of horse was the “speed gene” found in? Arabian Quarter Horse Thoroughbred Standardbred
Thoroughbred
Which of the following is a disadvantage to equine treadmills?
No rider
Can measure respiratory gases
Allows easy access for blood samples
Can standardize environmental conditions
No rider
ATP is made anaerobically;
a. All the time
b. Before the anaerobic threshold
c. After the anaerobic threshold
d. Never
After the anaerobic threshold
Endurance activities last longer than 2 miles lasting longer than 2 minutes primarily anaerobic lasting longer than 2 hours
longer than 2 hours
What is the equine treadmill not used to measure? Respiratory Rate CO2 Rate Heart Rate Strength of the tail
Strength of the tail
Horses can increase their speed in several ways except: Changing gait Changing stride frequency Changing stride length Breathing harder
Breathing harder
Which of the following are not key conditioning effects of anaerobic training? Increased diameter of Type II fibers Improved buffering capacity of lactate Greater fat use More glycolytic enzymes
Greater fat use
Which of the following correctly describes endurance activities?
Exercise that cannot be sustained by the aerobic production of ATP
More than 2 miles distance, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Maximum intensity, anaerobic metabolism
Low intensity, primarily aerobic
Low intensity, primarily aerobic
Which of the following statement is NOT correct about the physiological roles of electrolytes? Nutrient transport Nerve transmission Fluid and acid/base balance Muscle growth and repair
Muscle growth and repair
Which of the following statement is NOT true about fat supplement to equine athletes?
Fat contains fewer calories in same volume than starch.
Reduce heat production.
Improved glycogen storage and utilization.
Improved performance both aerobically and anaerobically.
Fat contains fewer calories in same volume than starch.
After a barrel racing conditioning regiment a horse would have an increased diameter of which type of muscle fiber? Type I Type II Type III Type IV
Type II
Rhabdomyolysis is what type of muscle disorder? Muscle atrophy Abnormal muscle twitching Muscle damage Muscle weakness
Muscle damage
This molecule is needed for energy production (to produce ATP) and is not needed for any other process in the body. Hydrogen Oxygen Water Lactic Acid
Oxygen
A neuron and all of its muscle fibers that it innervates is called Motor unit Sensory neuron Muscle response Type 2 neuron
Motor unit
What equine medication is an NSAID and used to decrease pain from injuries, infections, and more? Methocarbamol Phenylbutazone Dexamethasone Furosemide
Phenylbutazone
What athletic discipline must the rider have correct equitation and the horse must present proper jumping style? Show Jumping Polo Dressage Hunters
Hunters
Which of the following substrates can be used for anaerobic ATP production? Fat Protein Glucose Lactic acid
Glucose
Which of the following do not increase with conditioning? Maximum cardiac output Stroke volume Maximum heart rate VO2 max
Maximum heart rate
What is considered the staple of the equine diet? Oats Corn Forage Cotton candy
Forage
What is the name of the glycoprotein detergent that helps horses sweat more efficiently by allowing sweat to stick to the coat long enough to be dissipated? Formalin Stickeron Latherin Glucosamine
Latherin
How much of the horses body weight is muscle? 10-20% 30-40% 40-50% 80-90%
40-50%
Concentrates are digested to? Amino acids Volatile fatty acids Fats Glucose
Glucose
Which of these is not a category of muscle disorders? Muscle damage Muscle atrophy Abnormal muscle twitching Muscle glycogen
Muscle glycogen
Which of these types of heat transfer involves heat being removed from the surface due to air currents? Conduction Convection Evaporation Radiation
Convection
Warmblood horses are commonly used in which of the following disciplines? Endurance Racing Western Pleasure Racing Show Jumping
Show jumping
Omeprazole is an equine medication commonly used for what? An anti-inflammatory Respiratory problems Treating ulcers Muscle relaxation
Treating ulcers
Which of the following is a short term response to conditioning? Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise Addition of substrates Damage to muscle fibers Hardened hooves
Damage to muscle fibers
Inhalation uses which muscles? Diaphragm and intercostal muscles No muscle is necessary Diaphragm only Intercostal only
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Which of the following does not encourage the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? Increase in CO2 Increase in pH of muscle Increase in muscle temperature Decrease in pH of muscle
Increase in pH of muscle
Furosemide or Lasix is most commonly used in racing horses to reduce the incidence of: Laminitis Equine intense pulmonary hemorrhaging Equine Viral Arteritis Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhaging
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhaging
Which of the following is considered the safest NSAID since it only inhibits COX-2? Firocoxib Dexamethasone Phenylbutazone Methocarbamol
Firocoxib
Which of these changes in colostrum can predict parturition?
Na and K increase while Cl and Ca decrease
Na and K decrease while Cl and Ca increase
Na and Cl increase while K and Ca decrease
Na and Cl decrease while K and Ca increase
Na and Cl decrease while K and Ca increase
Since motor neurons are recruited in a particular sequence, which correctly describes the sequence in which they are recruited? type IIA, type IIX, type I type IIX, type I, type IIA type I, type IIA, type IIX type IIA, type I, type IIX
type I, type IIA, type IIX
This condition is characterized by over-sensitivity to stimuli that cause calcium release and muscle contraction but contain normal levels of muscle glycogen. RER PSSM type 1 PSSM type 2 colic
RER
Which is NOT true about creatine phosphate?
creatine phosphate is rapidly depleted
creatine is an effective supplement for horses
creatine phosphate does not produce toxic end products
creatine phosphate can deplete substrates relatively quickly at intense levels
creatine is an effective supplement for horses
Which is a key conditioning effect of aerobic training? increased diameter of type II fibers more glycolytic enzymes improved buffering capacity of lactate increased capillarity
increased capillarity
Hosing off a horse is an example of what type of heat transfer? Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation
Convection
Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs? Trachea Bronchioles Alveoli In the blood
Alveoli
Effective cooling mechanisms are especially important in the horse, because:
They have small surface area: body weight ratio
They have large surface area: body weight ratio
They have no surface area: body weight ratio
They have a 1:1 surface area: body weight ratio
They have small surface area: body weight ratio
Blood from the body returns to the heart via the: Aorta Pulmonary Artery Right Ventricle Vena Cava
Vena Cava
_____________________ is the study of the body’s structures, while _____________________
is the study of the processes that occur in the body.
astronomy, physiology
physiology, anatomy
anatomy, physiology
anatomy, psychology
anatomy, physiology
There are 4 categories of Muscle disorders; one of those is “muscle damage”, also known as: Rhabdomyolysis Rheumatoid arthritis Rickets Rabies
Rhabdomyolysis
Endurance activities are considered: Anaerobic Aerobic Medium Intensity High intensity
Aerobic
Which way does not increase a horses speed? Change of gait Shorten distance traveled Increase stride frequency Increase stride length
Shorten distance traveled
The interaction one of the systems below is NOT used to create exercise: Circulatory System Endocrine System Muscular System Respiratory System
Endocrine System
Which is NOT an important nutrient to consider when feeding your horse? sugar water protein vitamins
sugar
Which of these events does NOT involve aerobic metabolism? Barrel Racing Cross Country Trail Riding Dressage
Barrel racing
Which of these is NOT a cardiovascular factor that increase VO2MAX? Ability to increase heart rate Ability to increase tidal volume Heart size and characteristics Splenic contractions
Ability to increase tidal volume
What is the order of hierarchical organization of muscles from largest to smallest?
Whole muscle, myofibrils, individual muscle fibers, bundles of muscles fibers, sarcomeres
Bundles of muscle fibers, whole muscle, myofibrils, individual muscle fibers, sarcomeres
Whole muscle, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres
Sarcomeres, whole muscle, myofibrils, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers
Whole muscle, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres
Body’s responses can occur in two time frames: Acute and Chronic Short term and medium term Training and conditioning Acute and conditioning
Acute and chronic
How much of a horses body weight is in muscle? 60-65% 40-50% 30-40% 55-65%
40-50%
This type of conditioning improves strength, power, or endurance of muscles: Aerobic Strength Hill work Suppling
Strength
Which of the following does not occur in the horse in response to exercise: Increase in packed cell volume Increase in blood flow to muscles Decrease in blood CO2 levels Increase in respiratory oxygen uptake
Decrease in blood CO2 levels
Which muscle disorder is characterized by over-sensitivity to stimuli and abnormal arrangement
of muscle cell nuclei?
Recurring Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Type 1 (PSSM1)
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Type 2 (PSSM2)
Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Recurring Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Aerobic exercise involves all of the following processes except? Glycolysis Lactic Acid Production Electron Transport Oxidative Phosphorylation
Lactic Acid Production
A diuretic medication that is commonly used to treat “bleeders” is known as? Firocoxib Methocarbamol Omeprezole Furosemide
Furosemide
All of the following are advantages to the use of treadmills in exercise, except:
Allows conditions to be standardized
Allows for blood samples to be taken during the exercise
There is no rider during the exercise
Allows for measurement of respiratory gases
There is no rider during the exercise
This medication is commonly given to race horses, increases urination, and may reduce the incidence of bleeding during a race Clenbuterol Furosemide Isoxuprine Omeprazole
Furosemide
Which of these energy sources are digested to volatile fatty acids? Concentrates Lipids Forage Proteins
Forage
Blood from the lungs return to the heart via the? Vena cava Left atria Right ventricle Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary vein
Which of the following is not a characteristic that makes a horse a good athlete? Genetics Low percent of body weight is muscle Efficient gait Conditioning response
Low percent of body weight is muscle
Which of the following is correct order in which motor units are recruited (based on intensity)? Type I --> Type IA --> Type IX Type IIX --> Type I --> Type IIA Type IIA --> Type IX --> Type I Type I --> Type IIA --> Type IIX
Type I –> Type IIA –> Type IIX
How does the definition of anatomy differ from the definition of physiology? Anatomy is the
Study of the body’s structure
Study of the processes/functions that occur within the body
Study of the hormones in the body
Study of how the parts work together
Study of the body’s structure
How does the blood from the lungs return to the heart? Pulmonary artery Aorta Vena cava Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary vein
What does conditioning do for athletic performance? Motor Control Mental Discipline Maintain Soundness Create a Rider/Horse Bond
Maintain Soundness
Clenbuterol is used to: Open up air passages in the lungs Act as an anti-inflammatory Treat muscle spasms Used as a diuretic
Open up air passages in the lungs
Which of the following is FALSE when it comes to a reason as to why the horse is a good athlete? High percent of body weight is muscle Efficient thermoregulation Good response to conditioning High anaerobic capacity
High anaerobic capacity
Short term physiological responses to conditioning puts stress on the tissues, including all BUT
Addition of substrates
Metabolic wastes
Damage to muscle fibers, tendons and ligaments
Sweat losses
Addition of substrates
Which is a correct explanation about anaerobic ATP synthesis in horses?
Oxygen is required for the ATP synthesis.
Kreb’s cycle is involved in the ATP generating process.
Lactic acid may be generated as a by-product.
Fat is a good source for anaerobic ATP synthesis.
Lactic acid may be generated as a by-product.
Which is NOT a role of electrolyte in horses’ body? Nerve transmission Energy source Acid/base balance Nutrient transport
Energy source
Slow twitch muscle fibers have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ compared to fast twitch muscle fibers. wider fiber diameter lower glycogen stores lower capillary density more anaerobic enzymes
lower glycogen stores
Upon leaving the lungs, blood flows directly through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. pulmonary vein; right atria pulmonary artery; left atria pulmonary vein; left atria pulmonary artery; left ventricle
pulmonary vein; left atria
Respiratory rate is not increased by? Decreased blood pH Higher stride frequency Higher body temperature Sweating
Sweating
What is not an advantage to treadmills? Standardized conditions Easier time taking measurements Gives a reflection of their responses in a natural environment Can account for a rider with an incline
Gives a reflection of their responses in a natural environment
Which of the following is the membrane that surrounds each muscle fiber? Epimysium Endomysium Sarcoplasmic reticulum Thin filaments
Endomysium
Which of the following is NOT proper management of Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)? Provide regular turn out Prevent excess weight gain Provide a high fat diet Provide a high sugar/starch diet
Provide a high sugar/starch diet
When preparing for athletic performance, conditioning and schooling combined develop a fit horse for competition. What is the difference between conditioning and schooling?
Conditioning refers to the intensity of the exercise and schooling refers to the length of the exercise.
Conditioning creates the mental discipline and motor control, whereas schooling maximizes performance and reduces injury.
Conditioning maximizes performance and reduces injury, whereas schooling creates the mental discipline and motor control.
There is no difference. Conditioning and schooling mean the same thing and are used interchangeably.
Conditioning maximizes performance and reduces injury, whereas schooling creates the mental discipline and motor control.
Horses have a variety of characteristics that make them good athletes. Which of the following is not one of those characteristics? efficient gait high percent of body weight is fat genetics high aerobic capacity
high percent of body weight is fat
All of the following are types of conditioning besides: Cardiovascular conditioning Strength conditioning Cooling down Supplying
Cooling down
All of the following are types of muscle besides: Tight Striated Smooth Cardiac
Tight
Which one of the following statements about physiological responses to long term conditioning is incorrect?
It involves adaption to exercise
The rate of adaptation depends on tissue
The goal is to condition the respiratory system
Tendons and ligaments may take months to adapt
The goal is to condition the respiratory system
Which is not the characteristic of a good athletic horse?
High percent of BW is muscle
Low oxygen carrying capacity in the blood
High density of mitochondria in muscle fibers
Large amounts of “energy stores” in the muscle
Low oxygen carrying capacity in the blood
What is the correct characteristic of slow twitch oxidative?
Higher fat content and less glycogen
More powerful contraction
Fibers are recruited during high intensity.
Fibers can produce energy through glycolytic and aerobic processes
Higher fat content and less glycogen
What is the hierarchical organization of muscles from large to small?
Whole muscle, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomere
Whole muscle, myofibrils, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, sarcomere
Bundles of muscle fibers, whole fibers, individual muscle fibers, brachiocephalicus, myofibrils, sarcomere
Sarcomere, myofibrils, individual muscle fibers, whole muscle
Whole muscle, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomere
What is an effect of conditioning on muscle fibers? Fibers break and are unrepairable There is no effect Change in fiber size Mitochondria number remains the same
Change in fiber size
The order of muscle packaging, from most inclusive to least, is:
Perimysium, epimysium, endomysium, sarcoplasmic reticulum
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
Epimysium, perimysium, sarcoplasmic reticulum, endomysium
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcoplasmic reticulum
Blood from the body returns to the heart via the: Aorta Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Vena cava
Vena cava
Which of the following statements concerning glycolysis is true?
The end product of glycolysis is glucose.
The substrates for glycolysis are 2 pyruvate, NADH + H+, and 2 ATP.
Glycolysis is strictly an anaerobic pathway.
After glycolysis, both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways are possible.
After glycolysis, both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways are possible.
You encounter a horse that is exhibiting stiffness in movement, refusing to move forward, excessively sweating, breathing rapidly, has an accelerated heart rate, and has dark-reddish colored urine. All of the following would be acceptable methods of treatment EXCEPT:
Pain medications such as banamine and acepromazine
Rest followed by slowly reintroduced exercise
Limit water intake
Feed a diet of high starch and low fat
Rest followed by slowly reintroduced exercise
What are three things the muscle needs in order to receive signals and contract?
ATP (energy), the circulatory system and the respiratory system
Calcium release, Creatine Phosphate and the circulatory system
ATP (energy), the nervous system to send messages to muscle through the Acetylcholine and calcium release.
Calcium release, the nervous system to send messages to the muscle through Acetylcholine and the respiratory system.
ATP (energy), the nervous system to send messages to muscle through the Acetylcholine and calcium release.
What are four sources of energy for the horse?
Hay, forages, lipids and water.
Sugars, forages, lipids and hay.
Proteins, sugars, hay and concentrates.
Forages, concentrates, lipids and proteins.
Forages, concentrates, lipids and proteins.
Which type of muscle fiber has lots of mitochondria and good blood supply? Type IIA Type IX Type IIX Type I
Type I
Which of these vitamins are water soluble? Vitamin D Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin E
Vitamin B
Which of the following describes a way that the digestive system interacts with exercise?
Contracts to move the bones to enable movement
Delivers nutrients and gases to parts of the body that need it
Brings in the nutrients used to make ATP
Provides the “message” to the muscles to contract
Brings in the nutrients used to make ATP
