Cumulative Portion Flashcards by Jennifer Lyons

Which of the following do NOT have an effect of muscle fibers?
 Change in the number of mitochondria
 Change in fuel use
 Change in fiber size
 Change in the number of RBC

∆ in # of RBCs

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Which of the following is NOT a sign of diestrus?
 Panting
 Kicking
 Striking
 Squealing

Panting

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What is the study of the body’s structure?
 Physiology
 Anatomy
 Thermoregulation
 Exercise

Anatomy

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Which of the following is not an important nutrient to consider in horses?
Water
Minerals
Protein
Glycogen

Glycogen

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What role about electrolytes is NOT true?
Electrolytes balances fluids and acid/base
It does not transport nutrients
There is nerve transmission
There are gastric secretions

It does not transport nutrients

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In the respiratory system what factor does not increase the respiratory rate?
A increase in CO2 in the blood from aerobic metabolism
A decrease in the O2 content of the blood
The stride frequency, limb movement and high body temperatures
A increase in the blood pH

A increase in the blood pH

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Which system delivers nutrients and gases to the parts of the body where they are needed?
 Respiratory System
 Circulatory System
 Muscular System
 Nervous System

Circulatory System

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Which of the following cardiovascular factors will increase Vo2 max ?
Ability to decrease stroke volume
Low splenic contraction
Ability to decrease heart rate
Heart size and characteristics that increase cardiac output

Heart size and characteristics that increase cardiac output

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What breed of horse was the “speed gene” found in?
 Arabian
 Quarter Horse
 Thoroughbred
 Standardbred

Thoroughbred

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Which of the following is a disadvantage to equine treadmills?
No rider
Can measure respiratory gases
Allows easy access for blood samples
Can standardize environmental conditions

No rider

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ATP is made anaerobically;

a. All the time
b. Before the anaerobic threshold
c. After the anaerobic threshold
d. Never

After the anaerobic threshold

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Endurance activities last
longer than 2 miles
lasting longer than 2 minutes
primarily anaerobic
lasting longer than 2 hours

longer than 2 hours

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What is the equine treadmill not used to measure?
 Respiratory Rate
 CO2 Rate
 Heart Rate
 Strength of the tail

Strength of the tail

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Horses can increase their speed in several ways except:
 Changing gait
 Changing stride frequency
 Changing stride length
 Breathing harder

Breathing harder

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Which of the following are not key conditioning effects of anaerobic training?
 Increased diameter of Type II fibers
 Improved buffering capacity of lactate
 Greater fat use
 More glycolytic enzymes

Greater fat use

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Which of the following correctly describes endurance activities?
Exercise that cannot be sustained by the aerobic production of ATP
More than 2 miles distance, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Maximum intensity, anaerobic metabolism
Low intensity, primarily aerobic

Low intensity, primarily aerobic

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Which of the following statement is NOT correct about the physiological roles of electrolytes?
 Nutrient transport
 Nerve transmission
 Fluid and acid/base balance
 Muscle growth and repair

Muscle growth and repair

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Which of the following statement is NOT true about fat supplement to equine athletes?
Fat contains fewer calories in same volume than starch.
Reduce heat production.
Improved glycogen storage and utilization.
Improved performance both aerobically and anaerobically.

Fat contains fewer calories in same volume than starch.

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After a barrel racing conditioning regiment a horse would have an increased diameter of which type of muscle fiber?
 Type I
 Type II
 Type III
 Type IV

Type II

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Rhabdomyolysis is what type of muscle disorder?
 Muscle atrophy
 Abnormal muscle twitching
 Muscle damage
 Muscle weakness

Muscle damage

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This molecule is needed for energy production (to produce ATP) and is not needed for any other
process in the body.
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Water
 Lactic Acid

Oxygen

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A neuron and all of its muscle fibers that it innervates is called
 Motor unit
 Sensory neuron
 Muscle response
 Type 2 neuron

Motor unit

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What equine medication is an NSAID and used to decrease pain from injuries, infections, and more?
 Methocarbamol
 Phenylbutazone
 Dexamethasone
 Furosemide

Phenylbutazone

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What athletic discipline must the rider have correct equitation and the horse must present proper jumping style?
 Show Jumping
 Polo
 Dressage
 Hunters

Hunters

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``` Which of the following substrates can be used for anaerobic ATP production? Fat Protein Glucose Lactic acid ```

Glucose

``` Which of the following do not increase with conditioning? Maximum cardiac output Stroke volume Maximum heart rate VO2 max ```

Maximum heart rate

``` What is considered the staple of the equine diet? Oats Corn Forage Cotton candy ```

Forage

``` What is the name of the glycoprotein detergent that helps horses sweat more efficiently by allowing sweat to stick to the coat long enough to be dissipated? Formalin Stickeron Latherin Glucosamine ```

Latherin

``` How much of the horses body weight is muscle? 10-20% 30-40% 40-50% 80-90% ```

40-50%

``` Concentrates are digested to? Amino acids Volatile fatty acids Fats Glucose ```

Glucose

``` Which of these is not a category of muscle disorders? Muscle damage Muscle atrophy Abnormal muscle twitching Muscle glycogen ```

Muscle glycogen

``` Which of these types of heat transfer involves heat being removed from the surface due to air currents? Conduction Convection Evaporation Radiation ```

Convection

``` Warmblood horses are commonly used in which of the following disciplines? Endurance Racing Western Pleasure Racing Show Jumping ```

Show jumping

``` Omeprazole is an equine medication commonly used for what? An anti-inflammatory Respiratory problems Treating ulcers Muscle relaxation ```

Treating ulcers

``` Which of the following is a short term response to conditioning? Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise Addition of substrates Damage to muscle fibers Hardened hooves ```

Damage to muscle fibers

``` Inhalation uses which muscles? Diaphragm and intercostal muscles No muscle is necessary Diaphragm only Intercostal only ```

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

``` Which of the following does not encourage the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? Increase in CO2 Increase in pH of muscle Increase in muscle temperature Decrease in pH of muscle ```

Increase in pH of muscle

``` Furosemide or Lasix is most commonly used in racing horses to reduce the incidence of: Laminitis Equine intense pulmonary hemorrhaging Equine Viral Arteritis Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhaging ```

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhaging

``` Which of the following is considered the safest NSAID since it only inhibits COX-2? Firocoxib Dexamethasone Phenylbutazone Methocarbamol ```

Firocoxib

Which of these changes in colostrum can predict parturition? Na and K increase while Cl and Ca decrease Na and K decrease while Cl and Ca increase Na and Cl increase while K and Ca decrease Na and Cl decrease while K and Ca increase

Na and Cl decrease while K and Ca increase

``` Since motor neurons are recruited in a particular sequence, which correctly describes the sequence in which they are recruited? type IIA, type IIX, type I type IIX, type I, type IIA type I, type IIA, type IIX type IIA, type I, type IIX ```

type I, type IIA, type IIX

``` This condition is characterized by over-sensitivity to stimuli that cause calcium release and muscle contraction but contain normal levels of muscle glycogen. RER PSSM type 1 PSSM type 2 colic ```

RER

Which is NOT true about creatine phosphate? creatine phosphate is rapidly depleted creatine is an effective supplement for horses creatine phosphate does not produce toxic end products creatine phosphate can deplete substrates relatively quickly at intense levels

creatine is an effective supplement for horses

``` Which is a key conditioning effect of aerobic training? increased diameter of type II fibers more glycolytic enzymes improved buffering capacity of lactate increased capillarity ```

increased capillarity

``` Hosing off a horse is an example of what type of heat transfer? Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation ```

Convection

``` Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs? Trachea Bronchioles Alveoli In the blood ```

Alveoli

Effective cooling mechanisms are especially important in the horse, because: They have small surface area: body weight ratio They have large surface area: body weight ratio They have no surface area: body weight ratio They have a 1:1 surface area: body weight ratio

They have small surface area: body weight ratio

``` Blood from the body returns to the heart via the: Aorta Pulmonary Artery Right Ventricle Vena Cava ```

Vena Cava

_____________________ is the study of the body’s structures, while _____________________ is the study of the processes that occur in the body. astronomy, physiology physiology, anatomy anatomy, physiology anatomy, psychology

anatomy, physiology

``` There are 4 categories of Muscle disorders; one of those is “muscle damage”, also known as: Rhabdomyolysis Rheumatoid arthritis Rickets Rabies ```

Rhabdomyolysis

``` Endurance activities are considered: Anaerobic Aerobic Medium Intensity High intensity ```

Aerobic

``` Which way does not increase a horses speed? Change of gait Shorten distance traveled Increase stride frequency Increase stride length ```

Shorten distance traveled

``` The interaction one of the systems below is NOT used to create exercise: Circulatory System Endocrine System Muscular System Respiratory System ```

Endocrine System

``` Which is NOT an important nutrient to consider when feeding your horse? sugar water protein vitamins ```

sugar

``` Which of these events does NOT involve aerobic metabolism? Barrel Racing Cross Country Trail Riding Dressage ```

Barrel racing

``` Which of these is NOT a cardiovascular factor that increase VO2MAX? Ability to increase heart rate Ability to increase tidal volume Heart size and characteristics Splenic contractions ```

Ability to increase tidal volume

What is the order of hierarchical organization of muscles from largest to smallest? Whole muscle, myofibrils, individual muscle fibers, bundles of muscles fibers, sarcomeres Bundles of muscle fibers, whole muscle, myofibrils, individual muscle fibers, sarcomeres Whole muscle, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres Sarcomeres, whole muscle, myofibrils, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers

Whole muscle, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres

``` Body’s responses can occur in two time frames: Acute and Chronic Short term and medium term Training and conditioning Acute and conditioning ```

Acute and chronic

``` How much of a horses body weight is in muscle? 60-65% 40-50% 30-40% 55-65% ```

40-50%

``` This type of conditioning improves strength, power, or endurance of muscles: Aerobic Strength Hill work Suppling ```

Strength

``` Which of the following does not occur in the horse in response to exercise: Increase in packed cell volume Increase in blood flow to muscles Decrease in blood CO2 levels Increase in respiratory oxygen uptake ```

Decrease in blood CO2 levels

Which muscle disorder is characterized by over-sensitivity to stimuli and abnormal arrangement of muscle cell nuclei? Recurring Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Type 1 (PSSM1) Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Type 2 (PSSM2) Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

Recurring Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

``` Aerobic exercise involves all of the following processes except? Glycolysis Lactic Acid Production Electron Transport Oxidative Phosphorylation ```

Lactic Acid Production

``` A diuretic medication that is commonly used to treat “bleeders” is known as? Firocoxib Methocarbamol Omeprezole Furosemide ```

Furosemide

All of the following are advantages to the use of treadmills in exercise, except: Allows conditions to be standardized Allows for blood samples to be taken during the exercise There is no rider during the exercise Allows for measurement of respiratory gases

There is no rider during the exercise

``` This medication is commonly given to race horses, increases urination, and may reduce the incidence of bleeding during a race Clenbuterol Furosemide Isoxuprine Omeprazole ```

Furosemide

``` Which of these energy sources are digested to volatile fatty acids? Concentrates Lipids Forage Proteins ```

Forage

``` Blood from the lungs return to the heart via the? Vena cava Left atria Right ventricle Pulmonary vein ```

Pulmonary vein

``` Which of the following is not a characteristic that makes a horse a good athlete? Genetics Low percent of body weight is muscle Efficient gait Conditioning response ```

Low percent of body weight is muscle

``` Which of the following is correct order in which motor units are recruited (based on intensity)? Type I --> Type IA --> Type IX Type IIX --> Type I --> Type IIA Type IIA --> Type IX --> Type I Type I --> Type IIA --> Type IIX ```

Type I --> Type IIA --> Type IIX

How does the definition of anatomy differ from the definition of physiology? Anatomy is the Study of the body’s structure Study of the processes/functions that occur within the body Study of the hormones in the body Study of how the parts work together

Study of the body’s structure

``` How does the blood from the lungs return to the heart? Pulmonary artery Aorta Vena cava Pulmonary vein ```

Pulmonary vein

``` What does conditioning do for athletic performance? Motor Control Mental Discipline Maintain Soundness Create a Rider/Horse Bond ```

Maintain Soundness

``` Clenbuterol is used to: Open up air passages in the lungs Act as an anti-inflammatory Treat muscle spasms Used as a diuretic ```

Open up air passages in the lungs

``` Which of the following is FALSE when it comes to a reason as to why the horse is a good athlete? High percent of body weight is muscle Efficient thermoregulation Good response to conditioning High anaerobic capacity ```

High anaerobic capacity

Short term physiological responses to conditioning puts stress on the tissues, including all BUT Addition of substrates Metabolic wastes Damage to muscle fibers, tendons and ligaments Sweat losses

Addition of substrates

Which is a correct explanation about anaerobic ATP synthesis in horses? Oxygen is required for the ATP synthesis. Kreb’s cycle is involved in the ATP generating process. Lactic acid may be generated as a by-product. Fat is a good source for anaerobic ATP synthesis.

Lactic acid may be generated as a by-product.

``` Which is NOT a role of electrolyte in horses’ body? Nerve transmission Energy source Acid/base balance Nutrient transport ```

Energy source

``` Slow twitch muscle fibers have _________ compared to fast twitch muscle fibers. wider fiber diameter lower glycogen stores lower capillary density more anaerobic enzymes ```

lower glycogen stores

``` Upon leaving the lungs, blood flows directly through the _________ to the __________. pulmonary vein; right atria pulmonary artery; left atria pulmonary vein; left atria pulmonary artery; left ventricle ```

pulmonary vein; left atria

``` Respiratory rate is not increased by? Decreased blood pH Higher stride frequency Higher body temperature Sweating ```

Sweating

``` What is not an advantage to treadmills? Standardized conditions Easier time taking measurements Gives a reflection of their responses in a natural environment Can account for a rider with an incline ```

Gives a reflection of their responses in a natural environment

``` Which of the following is the membrane that surrounds each muscle fiber? Epimysium Endomysium Sarcoplasmic reticulum Thin filaments ```

Endomysium

``` Which of the following is NOT proper management of Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)? Provide regular turn out Prevent excess weight gain Provide a high fat diet Provide a high sugar/starch diet ```

Provide a high sugar/starch diet

When preparing for athletic performance, conditioning and schooling combined develop a fit horse for competition. What is the difference between conditioning and schooling? Conditioning refers to the intensity of the exercise and schooling refers to the length of the exercise. Conditioning creates the mental discipline and motor control, whereas schooling maximizes performance and reduces injury. Conditioning maximizes performance and reduces injury, whereas schooling creates the mental discipline and motor control. There is no difference. Conditioning and schooling mean the same thing and are used interchangeably.

Conditioning maximizes performance and reduces injury, whereas schooling creates the mental discipline and motor control.

``` Horses have a variety of characteristics that make them good athletes. Which of the following is not one of those characteristics? efficient gait high percent of body weight is fat genetics high aerobic capacity ```

high percent of body weight is fat

``` All of the following are types of conditioning besides: Cardiovascular conditioning Strength conditioning Cooling down Supplying ```

Cooling down

``` All of the following are types of muscle besides: Tight Striated Smooth Cardiac ```

Tight

Which one of the following statements about physiological responses to long term conditioning is incorrect? It involves adaption to exercise The rate of adaptation depends on tissue The goal is to condition the respiratory system Tendons and ligaments may take months to adapt

The goal is to condition the respiratory system

Which is not the characteristic of a good athletic horse? High percent of BW is muscle Low oxygen carrying capacity in the blood High density of mitochondria in muscle fibers Large amounts of “energy stores” in the muscle

Low oxygen carrying capacity in the blood

What is the correct characteristic of slow twitch oxidative? Higher fat content and less glycogen More powerful contraction Fibers are recruited during high intensity. Fibers can produce energy through glycolytic and aerobic processes

Higher fat content and less glycogen

What is the hierarchical organization of muscles from large to small? Whole muscle, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomere Whole muscle, myofibrils, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, sarcomere Bundles of muscle fibers, whole fibers, individual muscle fibers, brachiocephalicus, myofibrils, sarcomere Sarcomere, myofibrils, individual muscle fibers, whole muscle

Whole muscle, bundles of muscle fibers, individual muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomere

``` What is an effect of conditioning on muscle fibers? Fibers break and are unrepairable There is no effect Change in fiber size Mitochondria number remains the same ```

Change in fiber size

The order of muscle packaging, from most inclusive to least, is: Perimysium, epimysium, endomysium, sarcoplasmic reticulum Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium Epimysium, perimysium, sarcoplasmic reticulum, endomysium

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcoplasmic reticulum

``` Blood from the body returns to the heart via the: Aorta Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Vena cava ```

Vena cava

Which of the following statements concerning glycolysis is true? The end product of glycolysis is glucose. The substrates for glycolysis are 2 pyruvate, NADH + H+, and 2 ATP. Glycolysis is strictly an anaerobic pathway. After glycolysis, both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways are possible.

After glycolysis, both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways are possible.

You encounter a horse that is exhibiting stiffness in movement, refusing to move forward, excessively sweating, breathing rapidly, has an accelerated heart rate, and has dark-reddish colored urine. All of the following would be acceptable methods of treatment EXCEPT: Pain medications such as banamine and acepromazine Rest followed by slowly reintroduced exercise Limit water intake Feed a diet of high starch and low fat

Rest followed by slowly reintroduced exercise

What are three things the muscle needs in order to receive signals and contract? ATP (energy), the circulatory system and the respiratory system Calcium release, Creatine Phosphate and the circulatory system ATP (energy), the nervous system to send messages to muscle through the Acetylcholine and calcium release. Calcium release, the nervous system to send messages to the muscle through Acetylcholine and the respiratory system.

ATP (energy), the nervous system to send messages to muscle through the Acetylcholine and calcium release.

What are four sources of energy for the horse? Hay, forages, lipids and water. Sugars, forages, lipids and hay. Proteins, sugars, hay and concentrates. Forages, concentrates, lipids and proteins.

Forages, concentrates, lipids and proteins.

``` Which type of muscle fiber has lots of mitochondria and good blood supply? Type IIA Type IX Type IIX Type I ```

Type I

``` Which of these vitamins are water soluble? Vitamin D Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin E ```

Vitamin B

Which of the following describes a way that the digestive system interacts with exercise? Contracts to move the bones to enable movement Delivers nutrients and gases to parts of the body that need it Brings in the nutrients used to make ATP Provides the “message” to the muscles to contract

Brings in the nutrients used to make ATP

``` Which of the following is a characteristic of endurance exercisea. Low intensity level Maximum intensity level Primarily anaerobic pathways used Aerobic and anaerobic pathways are used ```

Low intensity level

``` This athletic discipline includes three different events: cross-country, dressage, and show jumping. Western pleasure Thoroughbred racing Eventing Endurance riding ```

Eventing

``` This medication is used to treat ulcers by minimizing the amount of acid in the stomach. It is considered a therapeutic drug by USEF. Methocarbamol Furosemide Phenylbutazone Omeprazole ```

Omeprazole

``` Blood from the body returns to the heart via the: Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Vena cava Right ventricle ```

Vena cava

``` How many stallions are currently standing at WinStar Farm? 15 20 19 25 ```

``` Which of the following is NOT a role of the cardiovascular system? Removal of waste Thermoregulation Assisting in the flow of the GI tract Blood Circulation ```

Assisting in the flow of the GI tract

``` What is the normal body temperature range? 30-36 ˚C 37.5-38.5 ˚C 40-41 ˚C 37-39 ˚C ```

37.5-38.5 ˚C

``` What does the cardiovascular system NOT do while the horse is exercising? Removes waste Provides O2 to tissue Circulates blood Thermoregulation ```

Provides O2 to tissue

``` Which muscle disorder is a syndrome of muscle pain and cramping and is a breakdown of the muscle fibers? (Also called “tying up”) Rhabdomyolysis Sporadic ER PSSM RER ```

Rhabdomyolysis

``` What is defined as repeated bouts of exercise, that is gradually modified over time, over a period of weeks or months? Conditioning Exercise Workload Stress ```

Conditioning

Spleen contraction can _____ PCV up to 65%.

increase

Not only water is lost with sweat, but also _____ and protein.

electrolytes

Treadmill Exercise generally requires _____ “work” than a horse with a rider

less

Motor Neurons deliver messages from the _____ to the muscle

brain

In aerobic energy production _____ slows down ATP production.

fatty acids

_____ are causes for neurogenic problems in muscle disorders.

Muscle atrophy and abnormal muscle twitching

_____ improves the ability of the body to produce energy.

Cardiovascular Conditioning

_____ is the amount of blood pumped to the body each time the left ventricle contracts.

Stroke volume

Lactic acid production can only use _____ as a substrate.

glucose

_____ is the amount of blood pumped to the body from the left ventricle each minute.

Cardiac output

In Horses, it takes _____ hours to replenish glycogen stores following moderately intense exercise.

48-72

Motor neurons deliver messages from the brain to the _____.

muscle

ATP is chemical energy turned into _____ energy.

mechanical

Blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the _____

pulmonary vein

If lactic acid accumulates in the _____ it will affect function and cause _____

muscle; muscle fatigue and pain

_____ is the main function of respiratory system in the exercising horse.

Gas exchange

_____ is one type of conditioning which increases range of motion.

Suppling

Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure while _____ is the study of the processes that occur in the body.

physiology

When oxygen is present ATP is synthesized using _____ pathways.

aerobic

In order for muscles to contract, _____ is needed to bind to troponin to access binding sites in the actin strands.

calcium

A glycoprotein detergent called _____ helps sweat stick to the coat, helping with thermoregulation.

latherin

Normal body temperatures range is ____ ˚C with average being ____ ˚C

37.5-38.5; 38

Name the 3 elements of a workload: _____

Intensity, Duration, and Frequency

The connective tissue around each individual muscle cell is known as the _____.

endomysium

The two time frames in which body responses can occur are known as _____ and _____.

acute and chronic

_____ was the first contributor to the equine genome.

Twilight

Muscle is composed of _____% water and _____% protein.

70; 20

Physiology is the study of the _____ that occur in the body

processes

Potassium, chloride, and _____ are key electrolytes lost via sweat during exercise.

sodium

_____ muscle consists of skeletal muscle and has voluntary control.

Striated

_____ have elastic walls and thick muscle layers. They help to reduce fluctuations in blood pressure.

Arteries

Horses make good athletes for several physiological reasons, one of which being because of their _____ percentage of body weight in muscle.

high

Glycolysis is a process that uses _____ as a source of energy production.

glucose

Beet pulp is an example of a highly _____ fiber.

fermentable

Conditioning can cause an increase in muscle _____, known as hypertrophy.

size

_____ contraction releases additional red blood cells during exercise to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

Splenic

A treadmill used in exercise physiology studies of horses usually requires ______ work compared to a natural setting

less

Energy production not requiring oxygen is _____.

anaerobic

When discussing aerobic and anaerobic types of exercise, anaerobic focuses primarily on _____ while have a disadvantage of lactic acid production.

strength

Two practical considerations for feeding horses are _____ and _____.

ingredient selection and timing of feeding

_____ allow conditions to be standardized for exercise physiology studies in horses.

Treadmills

_____ is also known as ‘tying up,’ a syndrome of muscle pain and cramping.

Rhabdomyolysis

Lactate accumulation in the muscles post-exercise _____ muscle pH.

decreases

Hypertrophy is when the muscles increase in _____.

size

_____ is digested into volatile fatty acids and is the staple of the equine diet.

Forage/Fiber

The end products for glycolysis are _____, NADH + H+, and ATP.

pyruvate

The advantages of using a treadmill to research a horse working, allows the conditions to be_____

standardized

_____ is the “energy currency” that is used for muscle contractions

ATP

_____ intersperses bouts of intense exercise with partial recovery rest periods.

Interval Training

The _____ is the amount of air that is inhaled/exhaled with each breath.

tidal volume

Components of blood include: plasma, white blood cells, and _____

red blood cells

A substrate of the Krebs Cycle is _____

acetyl CoA

Sweating is affected by conditioning, temperature, and _____

humidity

Some factors affecting heat dissipation are ambient temperature, surface area, humidity, wind, _____, and hair coat.

body condition

Only _____ metabolic pathways can utilize fat and protein as a source of energy.

aerobic

Administration of more than one _____ at a time is under strict regulation by both the Kentucky Horse Racing Council and USEF.

NSAID

The heat transfer from direct contact, from high temperature to low temperature is known as _____

conduction

The goal of _____, a western discipline, is to sort the cattle as quickly and accurately as possible.

Team penning

_____ is the amount of distance that can be covered in a certain period of time

Speed

_____ is considered cellular energy “currency” and is made and used inside the cell

ATP

_____ is a western discipline involving sprints and fast turns.

Cutting

The last step of a horse’s daily work out is called _____.

Cooling down

Lactic acid can be metabolized by the _____ back to glucose, which can then be used to make more ATP.

liver

In order to increase oxygen carrying capacity humans tend to train at higher altitudes. Horses, on the other hand, are enabled with splenic contractions which allow them to be natural _____.

blood dopers

The _____ are the site of nutrient/gas exchange in the blood

capillaries

Substrates for anaerobic energy production include _____ and _____.

glucose and creatine phosphate

A high forage diet is advantageous for an endurance horse because it increases water holding capacity and allows slow absorption of _____.

electrolytes

_____ filament is also called myosin

Thick

_____ muscle mass and a surface area: body weight ratio make effective cooling mechanisms especially important for horses after exercise.

High; small

The _____ delivers blood from the heart to the lungs.

pulmonary artery

Conditioning has various effects on the _____ system such as, increases plasma volume in endurance horses and red blood cell count in sprinters, but has no effect on _____ in the _____ system.

cardiovascular; respiratory/tidal rate/volume; respiratory

_____– changes that occur in the body in response to a single bout of exercise.

Acute

During exercise the chest cavity expands creating negative pressure which draws air into the lungs, this action is called _____

inhalation

_____ is air pushed out of the lungs, and abdominal muscles may contract to force air out.

Exhalation

_____ is the only form of heat transfer that acts only to dissipate heat.

Evaporation

The four main dietary energy sources for horses are _____

forage (fiber), protein, lipids and carbohydrates

Small amounts of muscle damage following exercise are beneficial due to the fact it encourages _____

muscle protein synthesis

Blood from the body returns to the heart via the _____, blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the _____.

vena cava; pulmonary vein

Fibers _____ have fewer mitochondria, poor blood supply and are higher in force. Thus, they are present in higher number in sprinters.

Type IIX

Lactate accumulation causes _____ in muscle pH that will change protein shape and alter protein function.

decrease

A horse with a larger heart size will have _____ cardiac output than a horse with a smaller heart size.

greater

Conditioning that is meant to imrpove the power or endurance of specific muscle groups is referred to as _____ conditioning.

strength

The inability for the muscle fiber to contract is considered _____.

muscle fatigue

Two factors that affect the way a stallion may perform during breeding are the _____ and _____.

season and age

Amount of force that can be produced in a single maximal effort is called _____

Strength

_____ exercise is low intencity and can be maintained for a longer amounts of time. This type of exercise requires _____ to make ATP.

aerobic; oxygen

The inability for the muscle fiber to contract is known as _____

Fatigue

Important nutrients for the athletic horse include; protein, water, vitamins, energy and _____

minerals

_____ is the protein that makes up the thin filament.

actin

_____ is the body’s critical cooling system

Sweating

_____ is the amount of air that is inhaled/exhaled with each breath

Tidal volume

The cooling mechanism of _____ is stimulated by epinephrine.

sweating

_____ can increase PCV up to 65% while increasing oxygen carrying capacity and buffering capacity in the exercising horse.

Spleen contraction

_____ exercise can be sustained by the aerobic production of energy (ATP).

Aerobic

Too much muscle damage can have adverse effects on the horse.

True

The normal core body temperature for a horse is 39.5-40.5°C

False

The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

False

Blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the vena cava.

False

The act of changing a horse’s behavior or performance is considered conditioning.

False

It is important to consider exercise workload in dietary regiments.

True

Humans have a larger surface area to body weight ratio than horses.

True

All heat production causes problems.

False

The more muscle fibers that are used in increasing the speed or intensity require less force.

False

An important nutrient to consider in an Equine diet is water.

True

Exercise Physiology is the study of the body systems that are involved in exercise.

True

Slow twitch-oxidative muscle fibers rely primarily on anaerobic metabolism.

False

True or False: Repeated bouts of exercise that is gradually modified over time, over a period of weeks or month is called “training”

False

The period with a faster than normal growth when the young horse is fed a normal ration that is preceded by a period of restricted growth is called compensatory growth.

True

Blood returns to the heart from the body via the vena cava

True

Stroke volume is cardiac output multiplied by respiratory rate.

False

Carbohydrate meals fed less than two hours before short duration anaerobic exercise may be beneficial.

True

One of the drawbacks to using treadmills in studying exercising in horses is that the gait of the horse is different on a treadmill.

True

True/False: Speed is only controlled by one gene, the “Speed gene”.

False

During a muscle contraction, filaments within the muscle shorten.

False

Treadmills are often inclined to account for the lack of rider weight.

True

Lactate accumulation and the glycogen depletion during exercise are the causes of fatigue.

True

Fiber is digested to glucose.

False

The gait of a horse is different while on a treadmill than when doing “real” work.

True

Creatine supplementation in horses is very effective.

False

Treadmills are an easy way to standardize exercise.

True

Conduction is when heat is removed from the surface due to air current.

False

Concentrates, such as sugars and starches, are digested into fatty acids.

False

An athlete is a person (or horse) who is trained or skilled in exercises, sports, or games requiring mental strength, ability, or stamina.

False

The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood and the pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood.

False

Training involves changes in behavior or performance while conditioning involves physical changes, adaptive responses and fitness.

True

Endurance riding is a long, high intensity workout.

False

When muscles contract the thick and thin filament becomes shorter.

False

Different motor units are active based on gait.

True

A horse lying on cool grasses to dissipate heat is a type of heat transfer called radiation.

False

A horse with a high VO2 max is indicative of good athletic ability.

True

Conditioning has no effect on maximum heart rate.

True

Conditioning includes getting a horse ready mentally.

False

During inhalation, the intercostal muscles relax to pull air into the lungs.

False

Oxygen is used to make ATP in the body aerobically.

True

Following a conditioning program, a horse will reach a higher HRmax at a greater speed than prior to exercise.

False

First treadmill used in equine exercise physiology in the late 1960’s, and in Europe.

False

Not all heat production is a problem due to the fact that it can be used to maintain body temperature in the horse.

True

You can condition a horse with LSD work to improve the respiratory system.

False

All bones in the forelimb contribute to wither height.

True

Creatine Supplementation has proven effective in horses.

False

Proteins are digested into amino acids

True

Large amounts of electrolytes are lost during exercise through sweat and therefore need to be replenished.

True

Blood samples, muscle biopsies and x-rays can all be collected while a horse is on the treadmill.

True

Motor neurons deliver messages from the muscle to the brain

False

Cumulative Portion Flashcards

(256 cards)