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Human Development > Cumulative > Flashcards

Cumulative Flashcards

1
Q

Activity

A

Staying busy with physical, mental, and social

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2
Q

Adaptive Logic

A

Logic learned through experience; the interaction between abstract, objective forms of problem solving that are related to the context of the problem

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3
Q

Adolescence

A

The transitional stage between childhood and adulthood

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4
Q

Ageism

A

An attitude towards old age characterized by fear and avoidance

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5
Q

Age of viability

A

The age at which the baby has a possibility of surviving outside the womb, usually around 6 or 7 months

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6
Q

Affiliation

A

Meaningful social interaction

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7
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A common form of dementia

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8
Q

Amniotic Sac

A

The sac of liquid within the uterus that protects the developing baby

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9
Q

Awareness of Self

A

As pertains to memory, the ability to be aware of one’s own memory abilities

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10
Q

Awareness of Strategies

A

As pertains to memory, developing strategies to help remember things

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11
Q

Biological Clock

A

The awareness that time is running out (physically) for some activities

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12
Q

Blastula

A

The hollow sphere of cells that forms several days after conception

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13
Q

Centration

A

Being able to only focus on one aspect of a thing at a time

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14
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

The path of physical development in infants with the quickest development being at the head and then more slowly at the feet

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15
Q

Childbearing

A

The human act of reproducing

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16
Q

Chorion

A

The protective outer sac that develops from tissue surrounding the embryo

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17
Q

Classification

A

The ability to group things according to similarities

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18
Q

Cleavage

A

The division of the zygote into multiple cells

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19
Q

Critical period

A

In fetal development, the time when a certain limb or organ is in danger from a teratogen

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20
Q

Climacteric

A

A period of life in which a great change takes place

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21
Q

Cognitive

A

The combination of perceptual, intellectual, and language abilities

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22
Q

Cognitive Maturity

A

The maturity gained through life experience

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23
Q

Concrete

A

The inability to think in abstractions

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24
Q

Conservation Experiments

A

Piaget’s experiments that observe the aspects of preoperational thought

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25
Q

Conservation of Liquids

A

The realization that the amount of liquid doesn’t change when it is poured into a container of a different shape

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26
Q

Conservation of Mass

A

The realization that the mass of an object doesn’t change when the shape changes

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27
Q

Conservation of Number

A

The realization that the number of objects doesn’t change, even when the objects are spread further apart

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28
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

The accumulation of facts, information, and learning strategies over time

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29
Q

Decentering

A

The ability to think of things outside of just one perspective

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30
Q

Deferred Imitation

A

Imitating a behavior, but not right away

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31
Q

Dementia

A

A condition characterized by forgetfulness, a limited ability to understand abstractions, repeating statements, thinking slowly, lacking ideas, and having difficulty paying attention

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32
Q

Despair

A

A hopeless feeling of not having time to rectify the things you should have done better in your life

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33
Q

Dialectical Thought

A

The thinking that integrates belief and experience, holds them up to faith or commitments, and deciding one can live with them all

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34
Q

Diffusion

A

A lack of decision or avoidance of decision-making

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35
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Simultaneously born offspring who develop from two separate ova and sperm

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36
Q

Early maturing

A

An adolescent who reaches adult size and physical proportions earlier than most of his peers

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37
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outer layer of the embryo’s cells which forms the skin and nervous system

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38
Q

Egocentricity

A

A self-centered view of the world: viewing everything in relationship to oneself

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39
Q

Embryo

A

The baby from about two to eight weeks after conception

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40
Q

Empty nest syndrome

A

A term for the feelings of loss that accompany a home from which all of the children have grown up and left

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41
Q

Endoderm

A

The inner layer of the embryo’s cells, which becomes the digestive system, lungs, and glands

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42
Q

Estrogen

A

The hormone, produced mostly by the ovaries, that is capable of developing and maintaining the female secondary sex characteristics

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43
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Two passages that connect the ovaries to the uterus

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44
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Abnormalities resulting from the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. These include low birth weight, certain facial anomalies, and possible intellectual disability.

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45
Q

Fetus

A

The unborn baby during the final stage of development, from the beginning of the third month until birth.

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46
Q

Five to seven shift

A

The time, usually between ages five and seven, when preoperational children shift into high gear cognitively

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47
Q

Fitting strategies to tasks

A

Choosing a strategy that will work best on various memory or learning tasks

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48
Q

Foreclosure

A

A commitment made without going through a decision-making period

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49
Q

Formal operational thought

A

Piaget’s cognitive stage in which a person can speculate, hypothesize, and fantasize on a much larger and deeper scale than do children

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50
Q

Full object permanence

A

Knowing that objects still exist, even when they cannot be seen

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51
Q

Generativity

A

The need to achieve and be productive

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52
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation

A

Erikson’s stage of middle adulthood in which the person needs to feel productive

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53
Q

Germinal period

A

The period immediately following conception and lasting through implantation

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54
Q

Grandparenting

A

Investing in the next generation of one’s family

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55
Q

Group inclusion

A

The ability to group things into more than one category

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56
Q

Growth spurt

A

A period of rapid growth

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57
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain balance or equilibrium

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58
Q

Identity

A

In cognitive development, the knowledge that a thing is always that thing and its content remains the same even if it changes shape

59
Q

Identity crisis

A

A time when a person makes choices and then decides whether to stick with them or try something new

60
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

Erikson’s stage in which a person needs to understand and accept his own uniqueness, as well as place in society

61
Q

Implantation

A

The process whereby the blastula burrows into the uterine lining

62
Q

Individuation process

A

The process of separating your identity from that of your parents

63
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

Erikson’s stage in which children work to figure out what they are “best” at

64
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

Erikson’s stage when children are starting to explore the world and discover themselves. They show initiative in exploring, but may feel guilt when the exploration is squelched

65
Q

Innate

A

Inborn trait

66
Q

Integrity

A

A feeling of satisfaction about what you have done in your life

67
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

Erikson’s stage when older adults take stock of their lives; if they feel good about it, they experience integrity, if not they feel despair

68
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Erikson’s stage in which young adults choose either to establish an intimate relationship with someone or experience aloneness

69
Q

IQ tests

A

Tests designed to measure intelligence (Intelligence Quotient)

70
Q

Lanugo

A

Downy hair that covers babies in the womb and falls off shortly before or after birth

71
Q

Late maturing

A

An adolescent who reaches adult size and physical proportions later than most of his peers

72
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring knowledge

73
Q

Logic

A

The ability to see problems as changing and consisting of many interrelated factors

74
Q

Long-term memory

A

Can hold information indefinitely

75
Q

Maturation

A

The natural process of what a brain can learn and when

76
Q

Memory control processes

A

A process that helps a person remember things

77
Q

Menarche

A

The “period” for a female

78
Q

Menopause

A

The time when a woman’s menstrual cycle stops

79
Q

Mental Imagery

A

Imagining things that need to be memorized or accomplished

80
Q

Mesoderm

A

The middle layer of the embryo’s cells, which develops into muscle, blood, and excretory system

81
Q

Metacognition

A

The process of monitoring one’s own thinking, memory, knowledge, goals, and activities

82
Q

Middle Adulthood

A

The years from forty to sixty

83
Q

Midlife Crisis

A

A panicky series of behaviors that a middle-ager uses to escape stagnation

84
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Two offspring who began development as a single zygote, which split into two zygotes during cleavage

85
Q

Moral realism

A

The view that rules and laws are real and can never be changed

86
Q

Moral relativism

A

The view that morals, rules, and laws are agreements and can be changed if necessary

87
Q

Moratorium

A

A period when teens try on several “hats” to decide on their identity

88
Q

Motherese

A

A special language used to communicate with infants

89
Q

Motor skills

A

The ability to control movements of various parts of the body

90
Q

Myelination

A

The process of myelin coat formation on the neurons. Myelin is a fatty substance that helps neural signals move more quickly and efficiently. Myelination occurs from birth through adolescence.

91
Q

Myelin sheath

A

The sheath around neurons that aids in transmission of neural signals

92
Q

Negative Identity

A

Choosing the opposite of what one’s parents value

93
Q

Neonate

A

The newborn baby

94
Q

Norms

A

The behavior and attitudes which are considered acceptable by a society

95
Q

Object Permanence

A

The realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen

96
Q

Organization

A

As related to memory, the process of categorizing things in order to remember

97
Q

Overregulation of rules

A

Applying rules to a greater extent than they should be

98
Q

Palmar grasp

A

Picking up objects using the middle of the palm and the middle fingers

99
Q

Pincer grasp

A

Picking up objects using the thumb and the forefinger

100
Q

Placenta

A

The organ formed within the womb during pregnancy to nourish the baby and remove its wastes

101
Q

Postformal Thought

A

The changes in the thinking processes that occur after reaching formal operational thought

102
Q

Prenatal

A

The entire time of the baby’s development from conception through birth

103
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

The ability to think about something that is not present and to use something else to represent the absent thing

104
Q

Pretending

A

Mimicking something that has been seen or experienced, using a symbolic object

105
Q

Primary Sexual Characteristics

A

The development of the sex organs such that they have the ability to reproduce

106
Q

Proximodistal

A

The pattern of growth that is center-outward

107
Q

Puberty

A

The period of physical growth that ends childhood and brings the young person into adult size, shape, and sexual potential

108
Q

Radial Grasp

A

Picking up objects using the index finger and the side of the palm

109
Q

Reciprocity

A

Changes in one dimension will have an effect on another dimension

110
Q

Reflexes

A

An automatic response, such as eye blinks or knee jerks when tapped

111
Q

Rehearsal

A

As related to memory, the process of saying things over and over again in order to remember

112
Q

Representation

A

Thinking about something with the imagination

113
Q

Retrieval

A

As related to memory, the ability to retrieve information

114
Q

Reversibility

A

The idea that some things can change and then return to their original form

115
Q

Rite of Passage

A

An event or ritual that marks the move from one stage of life to another stage

116
Q

Schema

A

The methods a person uses to think and interact with the environment

117
Q

Scientific Reasoning

A

The ability to hypothesize general laws based on observation and logic

118
Q

Scripts

A

A strategy used to remember steps in events

119
Q

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A

The outward appearance of characteristics specific to a gender

120
Q

Selective Attention

A

The ability to concentrate and screen out distractions

121
Q

Self-image

A

How a person views himself

122
Q

Semantic elaboration

A

The ability to make inferences

123
Q

Sensory Register

A

The information picked up by the senses

124
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s periods of typical cognitive behavior

125
Q

Seration

A

To group things in a series, such as from smallest to largest

126
Q

Short-term memory

A

Stores information for about a minute

127
Q

Socialization

A

The process of learning the norms and values of a society

128
Q

Stagnation

A

The feeling of uselessness and failure

129
Q

Surfactant

A

The fatty substance that helps the lungs inflate after a baby’s birth

130
Q

Symbolic thought

A

Thinking about things using symbols

131
Q

Synchrony

A

The ability to watch a child’s facial expressions and respond accordingly

132
Q

Teratogen

A

A toxic agent which causes abnormalities or birth defects

133
Q

Testosterone

A

The hormone, secreted by the testes, that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics and sperm

134
Q

The game of thinking

A

According to Flavell, the ability to stop immediate judgments and think playfully and widely before answering a problem

135
Q

Toddler

A

A baby who is walking unassisted, but is still wobbly

136
Q

Trimester

A

The three divisions (first through third month; fourth through sixth month; seventh till birth) of fetal development

137
Q

Type A personality

A

A personality style in which the person is high-strung, always moving and eating rapidly, talks in machine-gun bursts or explosively accents words when there is no need, feels impatient most of the time, frequently tries to do more than one thing at once, feels guilty relaxing, and has difficulty talking about things in which he is not interested

138
Q

Ulnar grasp

A

Picking up objects using most of the hand, especially the palm and fourth and fifth fingers

139
Q

Umbilical cord

A

The tubes of tissue connecting the placenta to the baby. These are blood vessels carrying food to the baby and waste products away from the baby

140
Q

Uterus

A

The womb, the mother’s organ which provides the environment for the baby to develop

141
Q

Values

A

The principles a person believes in

142
Q

Vestibular System

A

The system that helps the body detect changes in gravity and in the position of the head

143
Q

Young Adulthood

A

The time period between ages twenty and forty

144
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized ovum

Human Development (3 decks)

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