CLEP: People's Beliefs Flashcards
B. F. Skinner
BEHAVIORISM
- -Believed everything a person does is solely based on past and present rewards and punishments and other aspects of OPERANT CONDITIONING
- -Did not believe personality made up of consistent traits or personality or self initiates or directs behavior
Social Learning
- -Believe that people can regulate and control their own behavior despite changes in their environment
- -Social Learning Theorists disagree with Skinner
Bandura (Social Learning Theorist) Belief
- -Believes learning occurs by observing what others do. Observations form important part of personality.
- -Believes how people behave in various situations is determined by self-efficacy (expectations of success)
- -Reciprocal determinism/reciprocal influences influences individual differences in personality. Personality, behavior, and environment constantly influence each other and shape each other in a reciprocal fashion
Mischel (Social Learning Theorist) Belief
– Behavior is characterized more by situational specificity than consistency. (We often behave differently in different situations).
Rotter (Social Learning Theorist) Belief
- -Personality determined by person’s generalized expectations about future outcomes and reinforcements (locus of control)
- -People with “internal locus of control” see themselves in control of their behavior and consequences
- -People with “external locus of control” see behavior controlled by fate, chance or luck (less likely to change their behavior)
Alfred Adler’s beliefs
Man is striving for superiority and goals
Gestalt psychologists beliefs and theories
We tend to organize our perceptions immediately into wholes and emphasize that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Organization/clustering (memory)
Strategies developed by late elementary school
Group materials into meaningful units
Metamemory
One’s knowledge about memory
Finding techniques and strategies for learning and memorizing
Three major categories of play (work vs play)
1) Sensorimotor play
Engaged during infancy. Manipulation of objects. Crawling, walking, running, or waving.
2) Imaginative play
Games of make believe. Daydreaming.
3) Parallel or cooperative play
a. Parallel play: begins shortly after infancy. Children play side by side but don’t interact. May even play with same material; sharing is unintentional.
b. Cooperative play: when they discover they share knowledge of various characters or fantasies, they engage in cooperative play. Can be sharing or imaginitive play, etc. Quarreling is common.
Fergus Crain and Robert Lockhart’s three levels for encoding (the process of placing info into memory)
1) Structural
Information stored based on visual codes
2) Phonemic
Information stored based on acoustic sounds (what it sounds like)
3) Semantic
Information stored based on semantic codes (what it means)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
First to plot a forgetting curve
Phonemes
The smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech. The English language consists of 53 phonemes. By changing the beginning phoneme, the word “hat” becomes “cat.”
Morphemes
The smallest unit of language that has meaning. When speaking of more than one bat, we add the morpheme “s.” Morphemes are often referred to add roots, stems, prefixes, and suffixes. Words are usually sequences of morphemes but one morpheme can constitute a whole word.
Semantics
The study of meaning in language.
Syntax
The set of rules that determine how words are combined to make phrases and sentences.
Phonetics
The study of how sounds are put together to make words
Grammar
Broader term than syntax; it includes both syntax and phonetics
Pragmatics
Includes the social aspects of language, including politeness, conversational interactions, and conversational rules.
Psycholinguistics
The study of the psychological mechanisms related to the acquisition and use of language.
John Watson belief
Proposed that thinking is merely subvocal speech, not mental activity.
William McDougall beliefs
Believed that instincts were “the prime movers of all human activity.” Identified 18 instincts
Motive
A reason or purpose for behavior
Drive-reduction Theory
- -Popularized by Clark Hull
- -Motivation results from attempting to keep a balanced internal state
Homeostasis
The built in tendency to maintain internal stability or equilibrium.
Drive
Psychological state of tension or arousal that motivates activities to reduce this tension and restore homeostatic balance
Arousal
A person’s state of alertness and mental and physical activation
Yerkes-Dodson Law
States particular level of motivational arousal produces optimal performance on a task
Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation
Argues that one emotional state will trigger an opposite emotional state that lasts long after the original emotion has disappeared
Abraham Maslow Belief
Humanistic theorist. Proposed hierarchy of needs to explain motivations. Must satisfy their basic or physiological needs before they can satisfy their higher-order needs
Burton White
Proposed notion of intrinsic motivation (desire to perform an activity because we find it inherently enjoyable)
Extrinsic Motivation
Occurs when an activity is performed in order to obtain a reward or to avoid an undesirable consequence
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist; focused on different aspects of conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
The stimulus that automatically produces a reflex
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
An automatic response to the UCS; a natural response that does not require conditioning for it to occur
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A neutral stimulus that does not normally elicit an automatic response; only after pairing it repeatedly with the UCS does the CS come to elicit a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
The learned response that occurs when the CS is presented alone, without the UCS.
Forward pairing
CS presented before UCS
Backward pairing
CS presented after UCS
Simultaneous pairing
CS and UCS occur at exactly the same time
Edward L. Thorndike
created Law of Effect: states a behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated, while behavior that is not rewarded takes place only at random
B. F. Skinner
Devised Skinner box, to study the effects of various schedules of reinforcement
Shaping
Involves systematically reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Discriminative Stimuli
Serve as cues that indicate a response is likely to be reinforced
Punishment
Operant conditioning technique
Edward Tolman
differentiated between learning and performance
Albert Bandura
Conducted classic research on observational learning
Sternberg
Triarchic theory of intelligence
1) mechanics/components of intelligence
2) the learner’s experiences
3) the learner’s context
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety, Panic Disorders, Phobic Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis and Conversion Disorder
Mood Disorders
Major Depression, Dysthymic Disorder, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymia.
Dissociative Disorders
Psychogenic Amnesia
Psychogenic Fugue
Multiple Personality Disorder
Personality Disorders
Antisocial, Narcissistic, Paranoid, Histrionic, Avoidant, Schizotypal
Schizophrenic Disorders
Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, and Residual
Creativity
The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems
