Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Development > CLEP: People's Beliefs > Flashcards

CLEP: People's Beliefs Flashcards

1
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

BEHAVIORISM

  • -Believed everything a person does is solely based on past and present rewards and punishments and other aspects of OPERANT CONDITIONING
  • -Did not believe personality made up of consistent traits or personality or self initiates or directs behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Social Learning

A
  • -Believe that people can regulate and control their own behavior despite changes in their environment
  • -Social Learning Theorists disagree with Skinner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bandura (Social Learning Theorist) Belief

A
  • -Believes learning occurs by observing what others do. Observations form important part of personality.
  • -Believes how people behave in various situations is determined by self-efficacy (expectations of success)
  • -Reciprocal determinism/reciprocal influences influences individual differences in personality. Personality, behavior, and environment constantly influence each other and shape each other in a reciprocal fashion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mischel (Social Learning Theorist) Belief

A

– Behavior is characterized more by situational specificity than consistency. (We often behave differently in different situations).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rotter (Social Learning Theorist) Belief

A
  • -Personality determined by person’s generalized expectations about future outcomes and reinforcements (locus of control)
  • -People with “internal locus of control” see themselves in control of their behavior and consequences
  • -People with “external locus of control” see behavior controlled by fate, chance or luck (less likely to change their behavior)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alfred Adler’s beliefs

A

Man is striving for superiority and goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gestalt psychologists beliefs and theories

A

We tend to organize our perceptions immediately into wholes and emphasize that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organization/clustering (memory)

A

Strategies developed by late elementary school

Group materials into meaningful units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metamemory

A

One’s knowledge about memory

Finding techniques and strategies for learning and memorizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Three major categories of play (work vs play)

A

1) Sensorimotor play

Engaged during infancy. Manipulation of objects. Crawling, walking, running, or waving.

2) Imaginative play

Games of make believe. Daydreaming.

3) Parallel or cooperative play
a. Parallel play: begins shortly after infancy. Children play side by side but don’t interact. May even play with same material; sharing is unintentional.
b. Cooperative play: when they discover they share knowledge of various characters or fantasies, they engage in cooperative play. Can be sharing or imaginitive play, etc. Quarreling is common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fergus Crain and Robert Lockhart’s three levels for encoding (the process of placing info into memory)

A

1) Structural

Information stored based on visual codes

2) Phonemic

Information stored based on acoustic sounds (what it sounds like)

3) Semantic

Information stored based on semantic codes (what it means)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

First to plot a forgetting curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech. The English language consists of 53 phonemes. By changing the beginning phoneme, the word “hat” becomes “cat.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit of language that has meaning. When speaking of more than one bat, we add the morpheme “s.” Morphemes are often referred to add roots, stems, prefixes, and suffixes. Words are usually sequences of morphemes but one morpheme can constitute a whole word.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Semantics

A

The study of meaning in language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Syntax

A

The set of rules that determine how words are combined to make phrases and sentences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of how sounds are put together to make words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Grammar

A

Broader term than syntax; it includes both syntax and phonetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pragmatics

A

Includes the social aspects of language, including politeness, conversational interactions, and conversational rules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

The study of the psychological mechanisms related to the acquisition and use of language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

John Watson belief

A

Proposed that thinking is merely subvocal speech, not mental activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

William McDougall beliefs

A

Believed that instincts were “the prime movers of all human activity.” Identified 18 instincts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Motive

A

A reason or purpose for behavior

24
Q

Drive-reduction Theory

A
  • -Popularized by Clark Hull

- -Motivation results from attempting to keep a balanced internal state

25
Q

Homeostasis

A

The built in tendency to maintain internal stability or equilibrium.

26
Q

Drive

A

Psychological state of tension or arousal that motivates activities to reduce this tension and restore homeostatic balance

27
Q

Arousal

A

A person’s state of alertness and mental and physical activation

28
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

States particular level of motivational arousal produces optimal performance on a task

29
Q

Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation

A

Argues that one emotional state will trigger an opposite emotional state that lasts long after the original emotion has disappeared

30
Q

Abraham Maslow Belief

A

Humanistic theorist. Proposed hierarchy of needs to explain motivations. Must satisfy their basic or physiological needs before they can satisfy their higher-order needs

31
Q

Burton White

A

Proposed notion of intrinsic motivation (desire to perform an activity because we find it inherently enjoyable)

32
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Occurs when an activity is performed in order to obtain a reward or to avoid an undesirable consequence

33
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physiologist; focused on different aspects of conditioning

34
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

The stimulus that automatically produces a reflex

35
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

An automatic response to the UCS; a natural response that does not require conditioning for it to occur

36
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

A neutral stimulus that does not normally elicit an automatic response; only after pairing it repeatedly with the UCS does the CS come to elicit a conditioned response

37
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

The learned response that occurs when the CS is presented alone, without the UCS.

38
Q

Forward pairing

A

CS presented before UCS

39
Q

Backward pairing

A

CS presented after UCS

40
Q

Simultaneous pairing

A

CS and UCS occur at exactly the same time

41
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

created Law of Effect: states a behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated, while behavior that is not rewarded takes place only at random

42
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Devised Skinner box, to study the effects of various schedules of reinforcement

43
Q

Shaping

A

Involves systematically reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

44
Q

Discriminative Stimuli

A

Serve as cues that indicate a response is likely to be reinforced

45
Q

Punishment

A

Operant conditioning technique

46
Q

Edward Tolman

A

differentiated between learning and performance

47
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Conducted classic research on observational learning

48
Q

Sternberg

A

Triarchic theory of intelligence

1) mechanics/components of intelligence
2) the learner’s experiences
3) the learner’s context

49
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Generalized Anxiety, Panic Disorders, Phobic Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

50
Q

Somatoform Disorders

A

Hypochondriasis and Conversion Disorder

51
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Major Depression, Dysthymic Disorder, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymia.

52
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Psychogenic Amnesia

53
Q

Psychogenic Fugue

A

Multiple Personality Disorder

54
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Antisocial, Narcissistic, Paranoid, Histrionic, Avoidant, Schizotypal

55
Q

Schizophrenic Disorders

A

Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, and Residual

56
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems

Human Development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions