CLEP: People's Beliefs

Question 1

B. F. Skinner

Answer 1

BEHAVIORISM

• -Believed everything a person does is solely based on past and present rewards and punishments and other aspects of OPERANT CONDITIONING
• -Did not believe personality made up of consistent traits or personality or self initiates or directs behavior

Question 2

Social Learning

Answer 2

• -Believe that people can regulate and control their own behavior despite changes in their environment
• -Social Learning Theorists disagree with Skinner

Question 3

Bandura (Social Learning Theorist) Belief

Answer 3

• -Believes learning occurs by observing what others do. Observations form important part of personality.
• -Believes how people behave in various situations is determined by self-efficacy (expectations of success)
• -Reciprocal determinism/reciprocal influences influences individual differences in personality. Personality, behavior, and environment constantly influence each other and shape each other in a reciprocal fashion

Question 4

Mischel (Social Learning Theorist) Belief

Answer 4

– Behavior is characterized more by situational specificity than consistency. (We often behave differently in different situations).

Question 5

Rotter (Social Learning Theorist) Belief

Answer 5

• -Personality determined by person’s generalized expectations about future outcomes and reinforcements (locus of control)
• -People with “internal locus of control” see themselves in control of their behavior and consequences
• -People with “external locus of control” see behavior controlled by fate, chance or luck (less likely to change their behavior)

Question 6

Alfred Adler’s beliefs

Answer 6

Man is striving for superiority and goals

Question 7

Gestalt psychologists beliefs and theories

Answer 7

We tend to organize our perceptions immediately into wholes and emphasize that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 8

Organization/clustering (memory)

Answer 8

Strategies developed by late elementary school

Group materials into meaningful units

Question 9

Metamemory

Answer 9

One’s knowledge about memory

Finding techniques and strategies for learning and memorizing

Question 10

Three major categories of play (work vs play)

Answer 10

1) Sensorimotor play

Engaged during infancy. Manipulation of objects. Crawling, walking, running, or waving.

2) Imaginative play

Games of make believe. Daydreaming.

3) Parallel or cooperative play
a. Parallel play: begins shortly after infancy. Children play side by side but don’t interact. May even play with same material; sharing is unintentional.
b. Cooperative play: when they discover they share knowledge of various characters or fantasies, they engage in cooperative play. Can be sharing or imaginitive play, etc. Quarreling is common.

Question 11

Fergus Crain and Robert Lockhart’s three levels for encoding (the process of placing info into memory)

Answer 11

1) Structural

Information stored based on visual codes

2) Phonemic

Information stored based on acoustic sounds (what it sounds like)

3) Semantic

Information stored based on semantic codes (what it means)

Question 12

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 12

First to plot a forgetting curve

Question 13

Phonemes

Answer 13

The smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech. The English language consists of 53 phonemes. By changing the beginning phoneme, the word “hat” becomes “cat.”

Question 14

Morphemes

Answer 14

The smallest unit of language that has meaning. When speaking of more than one bat, we add the morpheme “s.” Morphemes are often referred to add roots, stems, prefixes, and suffixes. Words are usually sequences of morphemes but one morpheme can constitute a whole word.

Question 15

Semantics

Answer 15

The study of meaning in language.

Question 16

Syntax

Answer 16

The set of rules that determine how words are combined to make phrases and sentences.

Question 17

Phonetics

Answer 17

The study of how sounds are put together to make words

Question 18

Grammar

Answer 18

Broader term than syntax; it includes both syntax and phonetics

Question 19

Pragmatics

Answer 19

Includes the social aspects of language, including politeness, conversational interactions, and conversational rules.

Question 20

Psycholinguistics

Answer 20

The study of the psychological mechanisms related to the acquisition and use of language.

Question 21

John Watson belief

Answer 21

Proposed that thinking is merely subvocal speech, not mental activity.

Question 22

William McDougall beliefs

Answer 22

Believed that instincts were “the prime movers of all human activity.” Identified 18 instincts

Question 23

Motive

Answer 23

A reason or purpose for behavior

Question 24

Drive-reduction Theory

Answer 24

• -Popularized by Clark Hull

- -Motivation results from attempting to keep a balanced internal state

Question 25

Homeostasis

Answer 25

The built in tendency to maintain internal stability or equilibrium.

Question 26

Drive

Answer 26

Psychological state of tension or arousal that motivates activities to reduce this tension and restore homeostatic balance

Question 27

Arousal

Answer 27

A person's state of alertness and mental and physical activation

Question 28

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 28

States particular level of motivational arousal produces optimal performance on a task

Question 29

Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation

Answer 29

Argues that one emotional state will trigger an opposite emotional state that lasts long after the original emotion has disappeared

Question 30

Abraham Maslow Belief

Answer 30

Humanistic theorist. Proposed hierarchy of needs to explain motivations. Must satisfy their basic or physiological needs before they can satisfy their higher-order needs

Question 31

Burton White

Answer 31

Proposed notion of intrinsic motivation (desire to perform an activity because we find it inherently enjoyable)

Question 32

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 32

Occurs when an activity is performed in order to obtain a reward or to avoid an undesirable consequence

Question 33

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 33

Russian physiologist; focused on different aspects of conditioning

Question 34

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 34

The stimulus that automatically produces a reflex

Question 35

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 35

An automatic response to the UCS; a natural response that does not require conditioning for it to occur

Question 36

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 36

A neutral stimulus that does not normally elicit an automatic response; only after pairing it repeatedly with the UCS does the CS come to elicit a conditioned response

Question 37

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 37

The learned response that occurs when the CS is presented alone, without the UCS.

Question 38

Forward pairing

Answer 38

CS presented before UCS

Question 39

Backward pairing

Answer 39

CS presented after UCS

Question 40

Simultaneous pairing

Answer 40

CS and UCS occur at exactly the same time

Question 41

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 41

created Law of Effect: states a behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated, while behavior that is not rewarded takes place only at random

Question 42

B. F. Skinner

Answer 42

Devised Skinner box, to study the effects of various schedules of reinforcement

Question 43

Shaping

Answer 43

Involves systematically reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 44

Discriminative Stimuli

Answer 44

Serve as cues that indicate a response is likely to be reinforced

Question 45

Punishment

Answer 45

Operant conditioning technique

Question 46

Edward Tolman

Answer 46

differentiated between learning and performance

Question 47

Albert Bandura

Answer 47

Conducted classic research on observational learning

Question 48

Sternberg

Answer 48

Triarchic theory of intelligence 1) mechanics/components of intelligence 2) the learner's experiences 3) the learner's context

Question 49

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 49

Generalized Anxiety, Panic Disorders, Phobic Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Question 50

Somatoform Disorders

Answer 50

Hypochondriasis and Conversion Disorder

Question 51

Mood Disorders

Answer 51

Major Depression, Dysthymic Disorder, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymia.

Question 52

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 52

Psychogenic Amnesia

Question 53

Psychogenic Fugue

Answer 53

Multiple Personality Disorder

Question 54

Personality Disorders

Answer 54

Antisocial, Narcissistic, Paranoid, Histrionic, Avoidant, Schizotypal

Question 55

Schizophrenic Disorders

Answer 55

Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, and Residual

Question 56

Creativity

Answer 56

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems