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MCAT Psychology and Sociology > Culture, Demographics, and Social Inequality > Flashcards

Culture, Demographics, and Social Inequality Flashcards

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1
Q

Culture

A

refers to a shared way of life, including beliefs and practices that a social group shares

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2
Q

Symbolic culture

A

consists of symbols that are recognized by. people of the same culture

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3
Q

Material culture

A

involves physical objects or artifacts (clothing, hairstyle, food, design of homes)

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4
Q

Non-material culture

A

specific to social thoughts and ideas, such as values

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5
Q

Popular culture

A

used. to describe. features of. culture that appeal to the masses, often those communicated through mass media

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6
Q

High culture

A

describes those features often limited. to the consumption of the elite

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7
Q

Values

A

can. be defined as a culture’s standard for evaluating what is good or bad

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8
Q

Belief

A

convictions or principles. that people hold

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9
Q

Norms

A

visible and invisible rules of social conduct within a society

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10
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

transfer of elements of culture from one social group to another

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11
Q

Cultural compentence

A

effective interactions between people from different cultures

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12
Q

Cultural transmission

A

process through which this information is spread across generations, or the mechanisms of learning

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13
Q

Social change

A

societies experience a change in state. Can be subtle, like development of new linguistic phrases or radical like revolution

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14
Q

Cultural lag

A

cultures take time to catch up with technological innovations; social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag

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15
Q

Culture shock

A

personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. due to immigration, a visit to a new country, or a move between social environments

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16
Q

Reverse culture shock

A

involves same experiences, but upon an individual’s return to their initial environment

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

the process by which a person or a group’s culture comes to resemble those of another group

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18
Q

Multiculturalism

A

the preservation of various cultures or cultural identities within a single unified society

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19
Q

Ethonocentrism

A

the belief in the inherent superiority of ones own ethnic group or culture

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20
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture

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21
Q

Population growth rate

A

the rate of population change in a specified time period, reported as a percentage of the initial population

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22
Q

Overpopulation

A

there are more people than can be sustained

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23
Q

Carrying capacity

A

total possible population that can be supported with relevant resources. and. without significant negative effects in a given area

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24
Q

Population projections

A

estimates of future populations made from mathematical extrapolations of previous data

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25
Q

Crude birth rate

A

annual number of births per 1,000 people in a population

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26
Q

Crude death rate

A

annual number of deaths per 1,000 persons in a population

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27
Q

Rate of population change

A

difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate

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28
Q

General fertility rate

A

annual number of births per 1,000 women in a population

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29
Q

Total fertility rate

A

predicts the total number of births per single woman in a population with the assumption that the woman experiences the current record age-specific fertility rates and reaches the end of her reproductive life

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30
Q

Replacement fertility rate

A

fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced

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31
Q

Sub-replacement fertility

A

indicates that the birth rate is less than the death rate, thus population size will not be sustained

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32
Q

Population lag effect

A

refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not. reflected in the birth rate for several generations

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33
Q

Mortality

A

refers to the death rate in a population

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34
Q

Morbidity

A

refers to the nature and extend of disease in a population

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35
Q

Prevalence rate

A

measures. the number of individuals experiencing a disease

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36
Q

Incidence rate

A

measures the number of new cases of a disease

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37
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

annual number of deaths per 1,000 infants under one year of age

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38
Q

Life expectancy

A

the number of years that an individual at a given age can expect to live at present mortality rates

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39
Q

Migration

A

geographical movement of individuals, families or other small or large groups of people

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40
Q

Nomadism

A

non-permanent travel for leisure, polgrimage, or seasonal reasons

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41
Q

External migration

A

migration to another nation, motivations for external migration are often economic or political in nature

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42
Q

Internal migration

A

migration to another region of the same nation

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43
Q

Voluntary migration

A

result of internal factors (personal decision)

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44
Q

Involuntary/forced migration

A

result of external factors that pose a threat to the individual in their environment and are often a form of social control such as ethnic cleansing

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45
Q

Settlers

A

migrate to unsettled areas

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46
Q

Refugees

A

migrate to settled areas as a result of displacement

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47
Q

Immigration

A

entering a new area

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48
Q

Emigration

A

leaving an old area

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49
Q

Colonization

A

involves migration to settled areas in which dominance is exerted over the foreign state

50
Q

Push Factors

A

things that are unattractive about an area and push people to leave, often economic, political, religious

51
Q

Pull Factors

A

are attractive about an area and pull people there, often positive opportunities for economic, political, or religious freedom and success

52
Q

Urbanization

A

growth of urban areas, tied to industrialization

53
Q

Rural flights

A

migration from rural areas to urban areas

54
Q

Suburbanization

A

populations growth on the fringes of urban areas as people move from urban areas to suburban areas

55
Q

Urban sprawl

A

migration of people from urban areas to otherwise remote areas

56
Q

urban blight

A

negative effect of urban sprawl, occurs when less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline

57
Q

Gentrification

A

renovation of urban areas in a process of urban renewal. Often specific to the introduction of wealthier residents to the cities who then help to restore the existing infrastructure, which alters the region’s demographics and economics

58
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

societies transition from high birth rate and high death rates to low birth and death rates as a result of a country’s development from pre-industrial to industrial framework due to economic and social changes

59
Q

Pre-industrial stage

A

high birth and death rates

60
Q

Industrial stage

A

high birth rates but death rates fall, leading to population growth

61
Q

Post-industrial stage

A

low birth and death rates; population stabilizes

62
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

unchecked population growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity, leading to overpopulation and catastrophes

63
Q

Positive checks

A

raise death rate like disease, disasters, hunger, and wars

64
Q

Preventative checks

A

lower birth rate, like abstinence, birth control, late marriage and same sex relationships

65
Q

Malthusian catastrophe

A

occurs when the means of sustinence are not enough to support the population resulting in the population reduction through actual or predicted famine

66
Q

Demograpy

A

study of human population dynamics including size, structure and distribution of a population and changes in population over time due to birth, death and migration

67
Q

Minorities

A

demographic groups. that recieve differential treatment through process of prejudice and discrimination due to shared characteristics, considered inferior

68
Q

Dominant groups

A

those with social power to assign labels

69
Q

Age

A

position between birth and death is measured through age

70
Q

Age cohorts

A

example of statistical cohorts in which a group of subjects share the characteristics of age

71
Q

Generations

A

group of people born in the same period

72
Q

Population aging

A

occurs when there is a disproportionate amount of older people in a population

73
Q

Ageism

A

prejudice or discrimination. against a person based on age

74
Q

Sex

A

biological characteristic. that is assigned at birth and permanent in most cases. Physical/physiological differences. Cateogories are male (XY) female (XX) and intersex (born with ambiguous sexual traits)

75
Q

Gender

A

social characteristic that is based on behavioural role expectations. Influenced by both nature and nurture

76
Q

Sexism

A

prejudice or discrimination against a person based on gender or sex, often against women

77
Q

Transgendered

A

gender identities that are inconsistent with their biological sex divisions. May become transexual, if making permanent changes to their bodies

78
Q

Race

A

description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics (physical characteristics)

79
Q

Ethnicity

A

shared cultural characteristics

80
Q

Racism

A

prejudice and actions that discriminate based on rase, or hold that one rase is inferior to another

81
Q

Racialization or ethnicization

A

social process in which the dominant group ascribe racial or ethnic identities, percieved or real, to groups that do not otherwise relate to the labels

82
Q

Sexual orientation

A

describes the direction of a person’s romantic or sexual attraction or behaviour

83
Q

Heterosexual

A

orientation towards the opposite gender or sex

84
Q

Homosexual

A

orientation towards the same gender or sex

85
Q

Bisexual

A

the orientation towards both genders or sexes

86
Q

Pansexual

A

attracted to people irrespective of gender or sex

87
Q

Asexuality

A

lack of sexual attraction

88
Q

Kinsey Scale

A

assigns a number from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exlusively homosexual) that places each individual along this continum

89
Q

Heterosexism

A

prejudice or discrimination against a person based on their sexual orientation towards the same sex (homophobic attitutes)

90
Q

Heteronormative beliefs

A

enforce strict gender roles and involve prejudice and discrimination against non-heterosexual individuals

91
Q

4 periods of immigration

A

1) seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - english colonists migrate to US
2) mid nineteenth century - most migrants from northern Europe
3) early twentieth century - most migrants came from southern and eastern Europe (ex. Jewish refugee in WWII)
4) late twentieth century to present - majority have been from Asia and Latin America

92
Q

Globalization

A

process of increasing interdependence of societies and connections between people across the world

93
Q

Outsourcing

A

contracting of third parties for specific operations

94
Q

Non-government organizations

A

organizations without an official government affiliation with the intention of contributing. to the lessening of global issues

95
Q

Relative deprivation

A

conscious experience of individuals or. groups that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that are seen as appropriate to their social position

96
Q

Social Stratification

A

refers to the way that people are categorized in society

97
Q

Caste system

A

describes a closed stratification where people can do nothing to change the category that they are. born into

98
Q

Class system

A

considers both social variables and individual initiative; groups together people of similar wealth, income, education…, but the classes. are open (people can strive to reach higher classes)

99
Q

Meritocracy

A

uses merit, or personal effort to establish social standings

100
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

defined in terms of power (ability to get others to do something) property, and prestige (reputation in society)

101
Q

Social Mobility

A

ability to move up or down within the social stratification system. involves physical, social and cultural capital

102
Q

Upward mobility

A

refers to an increase in social class

103
Q

Downward mobility

A

decrease in social class

104
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

occurs when there is an increase or decrease in social class between parents and children

105
Q

Intragenerational mobility

A

describes the differences in social class between different members of the same generation

106
Q

Social reproduction

A

occurs when social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next

107
Q

Cultural capital

A

non-financial social assets that promote social mobility

108
Q

Social capital

A

potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility

109
Q

Privelige

A

set of advantages available exclusively to a person or group

110
Q

Residential segregation

A

physical separation of groups into different areas, typically along the lines of race, ethnicity, or SES

111
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

low SES and minority groups tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are high

112
Q

Food desert

A

area in highly populated lower-income urban environments, where healthy, fresh food is difficult to obtain

113
Q

Prejudice

A

involves pre-concieved judgement towards people based on their group membership

114
Q

Discrimination

A

biased treatment of an individual based on group membership

115
Q

Social segregation

A

tendency of people from the same social groups to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals from other social groups

116
Q

Relative poverty

A

inability to meet the average standard of living within a society

117
Q

Absolute poverty

A

inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities, including clean drinking water, food, safe housing, and reliable access to health care

118
Q

Marginal poverty

A

due to lack of stable employment

119
Q

Structural poverty

A

due to underlying and pervasive effects of the society’s institutions

120
Q

Social epidemiology

A

study of the distribution of health and disease across a population

121
Q

Gender bias

A

when men and women recieve different treatment

122
Q

Health care disparities

A

population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes and quality of health care across different social groups

MCAT Psychology and Sociology (4 decks)

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