culture: counseling various cultural groups

Question 1

six major racial groups in US:

Answer 1

African Americans,
Arab Americans, 
Asian Americans, 
European Americans, 
Latin Americans, 
Native Americans

Question 2

one drop rule

Answer 2

A hierarchical social system that implied being Black was unfortunate, and as a result those possessing one drop of Black blood were labeled as Black and of a lower social status.

Question 3

Jim Crow laws

Answer 3

Laws, enacted after slavery ended in 1865, that sought to maintain separate and unequal social and economic situations for Blacks.

Question 4

model minority myth

Answer 4

The common perception that Asian Americans have excelled in U.S. society and experience few difficulties in relation to adjustment. The myth perpetuates the notion that Asian Americans no longer experience discrimination and thus no longer need social services.

Question 5

filial piety

Answer 5

A cultural value commonly endorsed by Asian Americans whereby the needs of an individual are often secondary to those of the family (especially to parents and elders).

Question 6

saving face

Answer 6

A cultural value commonly endorsed by Asian Americans whereby an individual’s behaviors are seen as being reflective of the family and thus one should protect the honor of the family.

Question 7

acculturative stress

Answer 7

The cognitive and affective consequences associated with leaving one’s own country and entering a host country. Individuals with acculturative stress have to adapt to the values, norms, and behaviors of a new culture and lose some of their cultural identity in the process.

Question 8

familismo

Answer 8

A value commonly endorsed by Latin Americans that refers to a strong connection to extended families. This value reflects the collectivist nature of this cultural group.

Question 9

personalismo

Answer 9

A value in the Latino culture that refers to the importance of having compassion and caring for those in the community

Question 10

machismo

Answer 10

A traditional Latin American gender role, in which males are competitive, powerful, and decision makers and breadwinners for the family.

Question 11

marianismo

Answer 11

A traditional Latin American gender role, in which females are nurturing, emotional, and sexually pure.

Question 12

Sexual Minority individuals

Answer 12

Include lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and those questioning their sexual orientation

Question 13

coming out process

Answer 13

The process of recognizing oneself as a sexual minority and disclosing one’s sexual identity to others. Aspects of the coming out process include becoming aware of attraction to the same sex; being sexually involved; becoming familiar with the sexual minority community; self-identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender; and coming out to others.

Question 14

conversion therapy

Answer 14

Also known as reparative therapy, attempts to convert individuals of gay or lesbian sexual identities to a heterosexual identity.

Question 15

Gerontological counseling

Answer 15

A specialty area in counseling that is tailored for working with individuals 65 years of age and older

Question 16

ageism

Answer 16

The stereotyping and discrimination against individuals or groups as a result of their age. Ageism is based on the false notion that chronological age determines an individual’s characteristics and value.

Question 17

culture shock

Answer 17

The experience of disorientation and psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression that occurs when one adjusts to a new culture where rules, customs, and language are unknown.

Question 18

Feminist Theory

Answer 18

A psychological theory pioneered by Carol Gilligan (1982) that espouses equality for all individuals and is particularly dedicated to eliminating sexism. The theory aims to help clients become more aware of the effect of gender on their lives as well as to empower them to improve their lives and the lives of others.

Question 19

Social Identity Theory

Answer 19

Theory, rooted in social psychology, created to understand discrimination within groups. Posits that people sort themselves into groups according to similar characteristics, such as ethnicity or gender

Question 20

self-categorization

Answer 20

An important piece of social identity theory, in which the “self” is seen as an object to be classified into membership in a social group that gives worth to the person

Question 21

in-group

Answer 21

The group to which an individual feels similar.

Question 22

out-group

Answer 22

The group to which an individual feels least similar.

Question 23

Social Influence Model

Answer 23

Model formulated by Stanley Strong on the basis of social psychology in the 1960s; asserts that if counselors are viewed as having expertise and being attractive, they will have greater influence on the client

Question 24

Sociometry

Answer 24

Gauges the extent of relationship among people or groups, or how people relate to one another, via a sociogram, which is a scientific, visual way to analyze and display these relationships

Question 25

sociogram

Answer 25

A graphical representation of group member interaction patterns that are used to display member relationships and educate group members about the intricacies of group dynamics

Question 26

sociometric test

Answer 26

A study of actual behavior