culture and identity

Question 1

Cooley

Answer 1

Looking glass self, our sense of self is affected by how we think others see us and we become who we think others believe us to be.

Question 2

Mead

Answer 2

‘Me’ = self perceived by others, shaped by socialisation
‘I’ = internal self, individually created
Shaped by significant others

Question 3

Goffman

Answer 3

Stigmatised identities
Dramaturgical model (different roles to suit different ‘stages’ - different environments) -> self isn’t constant
Impression management
Discredited (visible) and discreditable (invisible) disabilities

Question 4

Giddens

Answer 4

Argues globalisation is a runaway culture, ever evolving

Question 5

Ritzer

Answer 5

Americanisation/McDonaldisation rather than true globalisation

Question 6

Bernstein

Answer 6

Language codes of different social classes

Question 7

Bourdieu

Answer 7

Cultural capital/habitus. WC have less opportunities due to WC habitus

Question 8

Durkheim

Answer 8

Wants consensus in cultures to create social cohesion and harmony

Question 9

Willis

Answer 9

Subculture of laddism, fatalism

Question 10

Becker

Answer 10

Labelling leading to a master status through self fulfilling prophecy

Question 11

Mac an Ghail

Answer 11

Crisis of masculinity

Question 12

Marx

Answer 12

Culture is used to maintain and uphold capitalism

Question 13

Gramsci

Answer 13

Hegemony established by the ruling class, people accept bourgeois hegemony. Counter hegemony through subcultures (also seen by Hall)

Question 14

Strinati

Answer 14

Popular culture not mass culture, cultures are all blurred

Question 15

Oakley

Answer 15

Primary socialisation establishes gender roles. 4 main ways - manipulation, different activities, verbal appellations, canalisation

Question 16

De Beauvoir

Answer 16

Women are persuaded through socialisation to see a patriarchal concept of women’s identity as their own (much like Marx’s false consciousness)

Question 17

Mirza

Answer 17

Black girls self refute teacher labels

Question 18

Sewell

Answer 18

Culture of hypermasculinity for black boys which leads to underachievement

Question 19

Hill

Answer 19

Generational conflict of culture for ethnic minorities

Question 20

Modood

Answer 20

2nd generation immigrants assimilate into the local culture

Question 21

Barnes

Answer 21

Disabled stereotypes in the media. People with impairments are socialised into believing their disability is a handicap, forced into a ‘disabled role’.

Question 22

Adorno

Answer 22

Mass culture creates false needs -> consumption. This leads to commodity fetishism