culture and identity

Question 1

Cooley

Answer 1

Looking glass self, our sense of self is affected by how we think others see us and we become who we think others believe us to be.

Question 2

Mead

Answer 2

‘Me’ = self perceived by others, shaped by socialisation
‘I’ = internal self, individually created
Shaped by significant others

Question 3

Goffman

Answer 3

Stigmatised identities
Dramaturgical model (different roles to suit different ‘stages’ - different environments) -> self isn’t constant
Impression management
Discredited (visible) and discreditable (invisible) disabilities

Question 4

Giddens

Answer 4

Argues globalisation is a runaway culture, ever evolving

Question 5

Ritzer

Answer 5

Americanisation/McDonaldisation rather than true globalisation

Question 6

Bernstein

Answer 6

Language codes of different social classes

Question 7

Bourdieu

Answer 7

Cultural capital/habitus. WC have less opportunities due to WC habitus

Question 8

Durkheim

Answer 8

Wants consensus in cultures to create social cohesion and harmony

Question 9

Willis

Answer 9

Subculture of laddism, fatalism

Question 10

Becker

Answer 10

Labelling leading to a master status through self fulfilling prophecy

Question 11

Mac an Ghail

Answer 11

Crisis of masculinity

Question 12

Marx

Answer 12

Culture is used to maintain and uphold capitalism, hypodermic syringe

Question 13

Gramsci

Answer 13

Hegemony established by the ruling class, people accept bourgeois hegemony. Counter hegemony through subcultures (also seen by Hall)

Question 14

Strinati

Answer 14

Popular culture not mass culture, cultures are all blurred

Question 15

Oakley

Answer 15

Primary socialisation establishes gender roles. 4 main ways - manipulation, different activities, verbal appellations, canalisation

Question 16

De Beauvoir

Answer 16

Women are persuaded through socialisation to see a patriarchal concept of women’s identity as their own (much like Marx’s false consciousness)

• accept a passive role
• femininity is presented as the other while masculinity is presented as positive

Question 17

Mirza

Answer 17

Black girls self refute teacher labels

Question 18

Sewell

Answer 18

Culture of hypermasculinity for black boys which leads to underachievement

Question 19

Hill

Answer 19

Generational conflict of culture for ethnic minorities

Question 20

Modood

Answer 20

2nd generation immigrants assimilate into the local culture

Question 21

Barnes

roles

Answer 21

Disabled stereotypes in the media. People with impairments are socialised into believing their disability is a handicap, forced into a ‘disabled role’.

Question 22

Adorno

Answer 22

Mass culture creates false needs -> consumption. This leads to commodity fetishism

Question 23

Oakley

Answer 23

4 ways gender is socialised: role modelling, canalisation, verbal appellations, manipulation

Question 24

Hall

Answer 24

Popular culture not mass culture, optimistic radical potential of subcultures against hegemony

Question 25

Rojeck

Answer 25

Pick and mix

Question 26

Maffesoli

Answer 26

Neo tribes where people come together in certain settings over a shared interest, and identities are assumed in certain settings. Not as fixed as subcultures so therefore no fixed 'lifestyle'

Question 27

Parsons

Answer 27

Sex role theory, sick role theory (deviant behaviour of disability)

Question 28

McRobbie

Answer 28

Bedroom culture

Question 29

Barnes

Answer 29

Stereotypes of disability in the media e.g. pitiable and pathetic, sexually abnormal, sinister and evil

Question 30

Lemert

Answer 30

Older men have more gravitas

Question 31

Connell

Answer 31

There is a hierarchy based on gender and sexuality, ‘white heterosexual heroes’ are promoted as the hegemonic ideal

Question 32

Archer

Answer 32

Symbolic capital through Nike identities

Question 33

Ansley

Answer 33

Women are trapped in the home, wives are takers of shit