Culture And Gender Flashcards
Generally refers to the anatomical and biological
characteristics and differences between males
and females.
SEX
The behaviors that a person engages in that are
directly related to their anatomical and biological
characteristics and the process of reproduction.
SEX ROLES
.
A person’s awareness and sense of self-based on
their sex and sex roles.
SEX IDENTITY
The behaviors and characteristics that a culture
deems appropriate for females and males. These
behavioral patterns may or may not be related to
sex and sex roles, although often they are.
GENDER
The degree to which a person adopts the gender
specific behaviors ascribed by their culture.
GENDER ROLES
A person’s awareness and sense of self based on
their gender or gender role.
GENDER IDENTITY.
The behaviors that a person engages in that are
directly related to their anatomical and biological
characteristics and the process of reproduction.
GENDER STEREOTYPES.
(a person’s gender identity is different
from the sex assigned at birth)
transgender
(not
identifying strictly as either and only male or
female)
nonbinary
Some countries such as now have
a “third gender” option on legal documents such
as birth certificates and passports to account for
this variability.
Germany,
Austria, Australia, New Zealand, India, Canada,
Portugal, Taiwan, and the United States
Referred to the degree to which a culture will foster,
encourage, or maintain differences between males and
females.
MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY
In Hofstede’s research, ______ had the highest masculinity versus
femininity scores, while ________ had the lowest scores
Japan, Austria,
Venezuela, and Italy
Denmark, the Netherlands,
Norway, and Sweden
Masculine cultures tended to be
more _______
Feminine cultures tended to be _______
traditional, focusing on religion and God or gods.
less traditional, emphasized the importance of religion in life less, and
focused on fellow humans.
It is a common stereotype that males are _________ whereas
females are better at .
Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded in their review of
the literature that males do indeed tend to do better on
spatial tasks.
better at
mathematical and spatial reasoning tasks
verbal comprehension tasks
Based on evidence
from psychology and neuroscience, she proposes the
gender similarity hypothesis— _______ (Hyde,
2016; Hyde et al., 2019)
that there are actually
more similarities across gender than differences
A common stereotype is that females are more
_________ than males. In actuality, the
degree to which this difference occurs varies from
culture to culture
conforming and obedient
Another common gender stereotype is that males are
_____ females. There is support for this
stereotype in all cultures for which documentation exists
(Archer, 2004; Block, 1983; Brislin, 1993)
On the basis of the
evidence available, it appears that hormones may
contribute in some degree to aggressiveness, but culture
and the environment can certainly act to encourage or
discourage its emergence (Berry et al., 1992).
more aggressive than
This
theory suggests that five personality traits—neuroticism,
extroversion, agreeableness, openness to experience,
and conscientiousness—exist universally and can
describe most human dispositions for behavior.
five-factor
model of personality (McCrae & Costa, 1999)
Women universally
reported higher scores on _______, while men scored
higher on __________.
neuroticism, agreeableness,
warmth, and openness to feelings
assertiveness and openness to ideas
is necessary for human reproduction and is a
biological necessity for survival of the species
Sex
which included East and West Germany, Austria,
Sweden, and Slovenia
“Teen Permissives,”
second group was called ________ which included the United
States, Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Poland
“Sexual
Conservatives,”
Men’s larger size, on the one hand, probably enabled
them to take on the primary role of
making and
maintaining shelter, hunting for or producing food, and
warding off enemies and rivals for food, mates, and
other resources
Women, on the other hand, took on the
primary role of
caring for infants and newborns.
