Culture

Question 1

Communication def.

Theories

Answer 1

• to convey emotions/feelings, information - understanding, relationship
• Edward Sapir: purely human, non instinctive(?) method of communication by means of voluntarily produced symbols
• Robert A. Hall: habitual human interaction using arbitrary symbols(= words)

-Roman Jacobson: interconnected system of symbols
model of verbal communication

Question 2

Model of verbal communication

                               context/message sender/adresser  --------------------------------------- receiver/ addressee
                                 code/contact

Answer 2

The Addresser (or sender, encoder or transmitter in other presentations) sends a Message to the Addressee (or receiver, decoder in other presentations). 
The Message is set in a particular Context.
The Addresser and the Addressee must be at least partially familiar with the Code. A final factor is represented by Contact, which is a physical channel and at the same time a psychological link between the Addresser and the Addressee making it possible to continue communication.

Question 3

functions of language (6)

Answer 3

referential/poetic
emotive ——————————— conative
phatic/metalingual

emotive- express preference
conative- asking for something
referenatial- e.g. newspaper headline, content information is most important
poetic- common expression, indirect meaning
phatic- social function like informal greetings
metalingual- language referring to language

Question 4

COMMUNICATION

Answer 4

is a process of transferring a message among participants in a communicative situation
• broader concept
message is the main focus
• the way of exchanging messages or information between two or more people

COMMUNICATION
is the transmission or exchange of information, knowledge, or ideas, by means of speech, writing, mechanical or electronic media (OED, 2019).

Question 5

LANGUAGE

Answer 5

a means of communication
• signs, symbols, and words are central
• a system of verbal and nonverbal codes used to transfer information

Question 6

anthropologic culture

Answer 6

culture as “a system of shared meanings that are passed from generation to generation through symbols that allow human beings to communicate, maintain, and develop an approach and understanding of life” (Sorrells, 2013: 4).

Question 7

globalization culture

Answer 7

culture as “a resource in the sense of economic and political exploitation ” (Appadurai, 1996 and Yúdice, 2003).

Question 8

cultural studies

Answer 8

culture as “a contested site of meaning” (Sorrells, 2013: 10).

Question 9

Intercultural communication

Answer 9

concentrates on studies of the actual interaction between members of different cultures.
e.g. how French managers communicate when they are not satisfied with the work of Slovak subordinates

Question 10

Cross-cultural communication

Answer 10

concentrates on the comparison of two or more cultural communities.
e.g. comparing conflict styles of German, Slovak, Italian managers and Spanish managers

Question 11

Inter-discourse communication

Answer 11

focuses on answering the question how culture is made relevant in a text or interaction and how cultural identity is formed through text and talk (Piller, 2017: 4).
e.g. Galasiński and Jaworski (2003) investigated the ways in which people who live in tourist destinations are represented in travel writing.