Culture Flashcards
Communication def.
Theories
- to convey emotions/feelings, information - understanding, relationship
- Edward Sapir: purely human, non instinctive(?) method of communication by means of voluntarily produced symbols
- Robert A. Hall: habitual human interaction using arbitrary symbols(= words)
-Roman Jacobson: interconnected system of symbols
model of verbal communication
Model of verbal communication
context/message sender/adresser --------------------------------------- receiver/ addressee code/contact
The Addresser (or sender, encoder or transmitter in other presentations) sends a Message to the Addressee (or receiver, decoder in other presentations). The Message is set in a particular Context. The Addresser and the Addressee must be at least partially familiar with the Code. A final factor is represented by Contact, which is a physical channel and at the same time a psychological link between the Addresser and the Addressee making it possible to continue communication.
functions of language (6)
referential/poetic
emotive ——————————— conative
phatic/metalingual
emotive- express preference
conative- asking for something
referenatial- e.g. newspaper headline, content information is most important
poetic- common expression, indirect meaning
phatic- social function like informal greetings
metalingual- language referring to language
COMMUNICATION
is a process of transferring a message among participants in a communicative situation
• broader concept
message is the main focus
• the way of exchanging messages or information between two or more people
COMMUNICATION
is the transmission or exchange of information, knowledge, or ideas, by means of speech, writing, mechanical or electronic media (OED, 2019).
LANGUAGE
a means of communication
• signs, symbols, and words are central
• a system of verbal and nonverbal codes used to transfer information
anthropologic culture
culture as “a system of shared meanings that are passed from generation to generation through symbols that allow human beings to communicate, maintain, and develop an approach and understanding of life” (Sorrells, 2013: 4).
globalization culture
culture as “a resource in the sense of economic and political exploitation ” (Appadurai, 1996 and Yúdice, 2003).
cultural studies
culture as “a contested site of meaning” (Sorrells, 2013: 10).
Intercultural communication
concentrates on studies of the actual interaction between members of different cultures.
e.g. how French managers communicate when they are not satisfied with the work of Slovak subordinates
Cross-cultural communication
concentrates on the comparison of two or more cultural communities.
e.g. comparing conflict styles of German, Slovak, Italian managers and Spanish managers
Inter-discourse communication
focuses on answering the question how culture is made relevant in a text or interaction and how cultural identity is formed through text and talk (Piller, 2017: 4).
e.g. Galasiński and Jaworski (2003) investigated the ways in which people who live in tourist destinations are represented in travel writing.