cultural variations

Question 1

what is collectivism

Answer 1

China is a collectivist culture which places an emphasis on the need of the group
This means that interdependance is desirable

Question 1

what is individualism

Answer 1

UK and USA set an emphasis on the needs of the individual
This means that independence in infants is an admirable trait

Question 2

who studied cultural variations

Answer 2

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Question 3

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg procedure

Answer 3

A meta analysis of 8 countries with 32 studies.
They used Ainsworths strange situation in order to measure attachment in 1990 babies

Question 4

what were the 8 countries

Answer 4

UK, Sweden, Japan, Netherlands, USA, Israel, Germany, China

Question 5

What country has the most secure attachment type

Answer 5

UK

75%

Question 6

What country has the most insecure resistant attachment type

Answer 6

Israel

29%

Question 7

What country has the most insecure avoidant attachment type

Answer 7

Germany

35%

Question 8

Who studied attachment variations within culture

Answer 8

Takahashi

Question 9

Takahashi procedure

Answer 9

60 middle class babies from Japan were assessed using the strange situation

Question 10

Takahashi findings

Answer 10

The largest % of babies were actually insecure resistant attatched with 90% of the studies havingto be stopped due to excessive infant anxiety

Question 11

Takahashi conclusions

Answer 11

The high levels of insecure resistance is because Japan is very family oriented so infants are allways kept close with mothers. This was probably measuringthe babies shock more than seperation