cultural variations

Question 1

cultural variations

Answer 1

differences in the norms and values that exist between people in different groups

in attachment research we are concerned with the differences in the proportion of children of different attachment types

Question 2

van ijzendoorn and kronenburg procedure

Answer 2

located 32 studies of attachment where strange situation used

8 different countries - 15 in US
1990 children

meta-analysis

Question 3

van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg findings

Answer 3

wide variation

individualistic cultures - insecure-resistant similar to ainsworth - all under 14%

collectivist cultures - all above 25%

Question 4

korean study

Answer 4

jin et al

study to compare proportions of attachment types in korea to other studies

87 babies

proportions of insecure and secure similar to those in most countries with most babies being secure
more found to be insecure resistant and only one baby insecure avoidant

similar to Japan

Question 5

conclusions

Answer 5

secure attachment is norm across all cultures
- supports bowlby’s idea attachment is innate and universal and this type is universal norm

cultural practices have an influence on attachment type

Question 6

indigenous researchers

Answer 6

P - strength is most of studies conducted by indigenous psychologists
E - same cultural background and participants
E - avoids potential problems of cross-cultural research such eg misinterpretations and bias
L - good change researchers and participants communicated successfully - enhances validity

P - not true for all cross-cultural attachment research
E - Morelli and Tronick were outsiders from america
E - datta might have been affected by difficulties in gathering data from participants
L - data from some countries might have been affected by bias and difficulty in cross-cultural communication

Question 7

confounding variables

Answer 7

P - limited as cross-cultural research impacted by confounding variables on findings
E - research not usually matched for methodology - sample characteristics such as poverty, social class can confound results
E - environmental variables can confound eg size of room
L - looking at attachment behaviour in different non-matched studies conducted in different countries may not tell us about cross-cultural patterns of attachment

Question 8

imposed etic

Answer 8

P - limited as trying to impose a test designed for one cultural context to another context
E - imposed etic occurs when we assume an idea or technique that works in one cultural context will work in another
E - eg britain and us - lack of affection on reunion - avoidant but in germany - independence rather than insecurity
L - behaviours measures may not have same meanings so comparison is meaningless