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cultural transmission Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

culture

A

shared way of life of a group of people. includes norms, values, beliefs and language.

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2
Q

cultural relativity

A

the idea that what is normal in one culture, is different in another (i.e polygamy)

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3
Q

cultural universal

A

social behaviours that can be found in all cultures for example family

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4
Q

norms

A
  • expected behaviour in a particular situation or culture
  • social rules for correct behaviour
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5
Q

values

A

shared beliefs about right and wrong , what is important and how to behave for example respect

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6
Q

morals

A

ideas about what behaviour is right and wrong

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7
Q

roles

A

expected behaviour by someone in a situation

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8
Q

role model

A

someone who is respected or looked up to by someone

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9
Q

status

A

position/ level of importance or prestige in society

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10
Q

identity

A

how you see yourself and how others see you

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11
Q

4 agents of socialisation

A
  • school
  • family
  • peer group
  • media
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12
Q

2 ways school transmit values

A
  • formal social control (discipline within lessons and by staff)
  • informal social control (peer group pressure)
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13
Q

how does the family transmit norms and values

A
  • children imitate family members as they are seen by them as role models
  • children are rewarded for socially accepted behaviour
  • children are punished for socially deviant behaviour
    sanctions and rolemodels
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14
Q

3 ways the media pass on norms and values

A
  • children are influenced by role models in media
  • can copy behaviour shown in the media
  • can alter the way people think about other groups in society depending on how they are presented.
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15
Q

how are norms taught through primary socialisation

A
  • gender norms are learnt via canalisation and manipulation
  • norms related to ethnicity are learnt within the family
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16
Q

what is manipulation

A

when parents deter child’s behaviour in regards to gender / children are controlled into certain behaviour for example girls being told to take care of their appearance more so than boys

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17
Q

give an example of how ethnic norms are passed on

A
  • Ghuman found that first generation Asian parents socialised their children into Asian values rather than British ones.
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18
Q

ascribed status

A

A status that is inherited or involuntarily applied to an individual.

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19
Q

acheived status

A

a voluntary status that is earned via education and work.

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20
Q

who created the concept of ascribed and achieved status

A

Ralph Linton

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21
Q

5 beliefs of nature argument

A
  • behaviour is innate/ natural
  • instincts are evidence that some behaviour is innate
  • some behaviour is a part of our genetic make up
  • animals with the same genes look and behave the same way
  • twins often share similar characteristics
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22
Q

5 beliefs of nurture argument

A

behaviour is learnt through agencies of socialisation and is a result of our upbringing in society
- feral children do not have basic skills naturally and therefore must be taught them (i.e oxana)
- cultural diversity shows that cultures are different all over the world and so people must be taught this.
- human behaviour has changed over time and throughout history
- women are supposed to have maternal instinct but some abuse and abandon their babies

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23
Q

socialisation

A

socialisation is the process of learning the expected rules, norms and values of society

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24
Q

5 things that make primary socialisation is important

A
  • norms and values
  • teaches what behaviour is acceptable
  • feral children demonstrate that w/o primary socialisation, it is difficult to fit into society
  • teaches children what is expected of them
  • without socialisation, there would be chaos in society
25
Q

canalisation

A

the way parents channel their child’s interests in activities or toys in conjunction with gender as deemed appropriate

26
Q

what are verbal appellations

A

Words used to describe children that have an association to their gender like “brave boy”
- Oakly found this

27
Q

what is an agent of socialisation

A

a group that passeson norms and values

28
Q

5 ways children are socialised in primary socialisation

A
  • manipulation
  • canalisation
  • negative and positive sanctions
  • verbal appellations
  • role modelling and immitation
29
Q

counter arguments for impact of gender role socialisation in the family

A
  • not all children accept the gender stereotypes that they are raised with
  • many children are raised in feminist households and therefore not a gender stereotypical way
30
Q

secondary socialisation

A

this is where people learn expected norms and values and behaviours outside of the family. it usually occurs later in childhood and adulthood

31
Q

formal socialistion

A

socialisation that deliberately set out to change how others behave

32
Q

informal socialisation

A

what a person learns about their culture, norms and values as they go about their daily life. these happen by chance and are not deliberately set out to socialise people.

33
Q

4 ways media socialises you

A
  • stereotyping portrayals
  • role modelling
    -children’s tv shows/interacting games
  • imitating stereotypical gender roles
34
Q

how is religion an agent of social control

A
  • religion can teach norms, values and behaviours depending on the following of that religion
  • can provide a moral code (e.g Ten Commandments in Christianity)
  • informal control as they reinforce the norms of good or bad actions
35
Q

who was oxana

A

feral child found in Ukraine in the 1990s, was neglected by her alcoholic parents and for 8 years was raised by dogs

36
Q

how do schools pass on gender identities

A
  • some subjects are portrayed for certain genders. for example, humanities and English often have female teachers…portraying this role for females and sciences and maths may be dominated by male teachers
  • textbooks can contain gender stereotypes. books in the scheme of work can portray women or men in different roles or doing different tasks
37
Q

social control

A
  • ways in which society tries to make sure that its members conform to laws, rules and norms
38
Q

how do schools control students

A
  • disapproval of teachers
  • criticism
  • sanctions such as detentions, warnings and isolations teach students the behaviour that is and isn’t accepted in the school
39
Q

formal agent of social control

A
  • police
  • courts
  • government
  • prisons and other sanction
40
Q

deviance

A

going against the norms and values of society for example cutting in line

41
Q

sanctions

A

behaviour encouraging people to act a certain way
these can be positive or negative, formal or informal for example detention (negative informal)

42
Q

customs

A

traditional and regular norms of behaviour associated with specific social situations for example bride wearing a white dress at a wedding

43
Q

cultural diversity

A

there are many cultures around the world that are different to one another

44
Q

how do agents of social control transmit behaviour

A
  • instruction
  • sanctions
  • role models
45
Q

where and how is ethnic identity lerant

A
  • family- food eaten, religion followed
  • school- they my teach the language of the country
  • media- some ethnic minorities may be portrayed negatively
46
Q

how does the workplace socialise people

A
  • sanctions and rewards (e.g promotions)
  • types of work can socialise people
  • income
47
Q

how do schools socialise people into gender roles

A
  • uniforms – in some schools, only boys can wear trousers
  • gendered regimes - girls play netball and boys play rugby
  • feminisation of schools - teaching has become more feminine as women are more likely to be teachers…this gives girls positive role models
  • labelling theory
48
Q

where and how is class identity learned

A
  • family-restricted or elaborated code
  • school- through setting or streaming, labelling and teacher expectations
  • media- soap operas, documentaries and the news
49
Q

where and how is ethnic identity learned

A
  • family- food eaten, religion followed
  • school- they my teach the language of the country
  • media- some ethnic minorities may be portrayed negatively
50
Q

where and how is national identity learned

A
  • family-language spoken at home, festivals celebrated, films watched together
  • school-assemblies, school holidays, national festivals,
  • media- shows national sporting events, important occasions such as Remembrance Day
51
Q

informal agencies of social control

A
  • family
    -peer groups
  • religion
  • media
52
Q

gender

A

social differences between males and females

53
Q

social construct

A

an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society.

54
Q

what did ann oakley discover in her 1982 research

A

In her 1982 research, Oakley found that parents push their children towards gender-appropriate toys. Common examples are pink toys for girls and blue toys for boys, or dolls for girls and action figures for boys.

55
Q

ethnicity

A

cultural group a person belongs to

56
Q

nationality

A

legal citizenship of a country

57
Q

functionalist view of social control

A

l positive as it maintains social order/cohesion

58
Q

marxist view of social control

A

negative as it is used by the ruling class to control the working class

59
Q

feminist view of social control

A

negative as it is used by men to control women

Sociology (5 decks)

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