Cultural Theories Flashcards
Halls
Low context- direct com, message conveys own meaning. HC- meaning in com conveyed indirectly through surrounding message.
Centre of power:Need for clearly deliniated space between self and others. Centre of community: Communal, comfortable sharing personal space with others
Monochromic- sequential attention to individual goals, separation of work and personal life. Polychronic- simultaneous attention to multiple goals, integration of work and personal life. Relative concept of time.
Schwartz
Conservatism: individuals embedded in a collectivity, find meaning through participation and group identification. Autonomy: individuals autonomous from groups, finding meaning in own uniqueness.
Hierarchy: cultures organised hierarchically, individuals comply w roles and sanctioned if not. Egalitarianism: individuals seen as moral equals who share basic interests as humans.
Mastery: individuals value getting ahead through self assertion and seek to change social world to advance personal interests. Harmony: individuals accept world as it is and try to preserve it rather than exploit it.
Trompenaars
Universalism- reliance on rules and policies that are applied equally to everyone. Particularism- rules tempered by nature of situation and people involved.
Individualism/collectivism
Neutral- refrain from showing emotion. Affective- emotional expressions accepted/encouraged.
Achievement- respect for earned accomplishments. Ascription- respect for ascribed/inherited status.
Past/present oriented, future oriented.
Inner directed- focus on controlling environment. Outer directed- focus on living in harmony with nature.
Hofstede
PDI (low- leaders don’t need much lower, High- people in power should have lots of power)
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individualism/collectivism
Masculinity- value material possessions, money and personal goals. Femininity- value strong social relevance, life quality, others welfare.
LTO- value hard work. STO- value traction and social obligation.
Indulgence- societal emphasis on enjoyment and need gratification. Restraint- strict societal control to compress or regulate gratification.
Globe
PDI UAI Humane orientation Collectivism Assertiveness (High- value dominance, tough behaviour, low- prefer modesty, sympathy to weak) Gender egalitarianism Future orientation Performance orientation
