Cultural Psychology - Lecture 2: Maori Psychology

Question 1

Imperialism

Answer 1

Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending a nation’s rule over foreign affairs, military force, of gaining political and economic control of areas
Normal and common worldwide through history
Prohibited now by international law

Question 2

What is imperialism important for?

Answer 2

Indigenous experiences around the world

Question 3

Consequence of imperialism for people today

Answer 3

Sense of obligation/responsibility within whatever spheres we inhabit to try make sure processes like imperialism never happen again

Question 4

What does imperialism appear to be at surface level and what does it actually reveal?

Answer 4

Filmsy logic caused imperialism asserted over ppl -> devastating impacts
Reveals assumptions e.g. Maori greatly outnumbered British ppl coming into NZ -> underestimated impact of imperialism on our people

Question 5

Why were treaties and agreements drawn up?

Answer 5

Treaties and agreements drawn up to honour the
relationship between British and Māori people, and
approach to governance.

Question 6

He Whakaputanga (1835)

Answer 6

He Whakaputanga (1835) promised Māori mana and
sovereignty in New Zealand, and that foreigners
could not make laws in return for protection of British
people.
-> support trade, economic development

Question 7

Te Tiriti o Waitangi (1840)

Answer 7

Te Tiriti o Waitangi (1840) promised Māori full
authority over their treasures (land, sea, children),
and the ability to manage their affairs, while English
were allowed governing rights.

Question 8

The Treaty of Waitangi (1840)

Answer 8

The Treaty of Waitangi (1840) gave English

sovereignty. *Signed by substantially less Māori

Question 9

What was the problem with TOW?

Answer 9

Maori version was signed and agreed upon and has legal status in NZ, but the English version was practiced a lot more

Question 10

When and why was the waitangi tribunal established?

Answer 10

The Waitangi tribunal was established in 1975 to

investigate breeches of the Treaty by the Crown.

Question 11

Example of an ongoing treaty settlement

Answer 11

Ongoing treaty settlement, Ngāpuhi is ongoing.

Question 12

Impacts of Ngapuhi treaty settlement

Answer 12

Takes up a lot of energy and resources from Ngapuhi ppl who are the guardians of the future generations

Question 13

How do settlements usually end up?

Answer 13

Settlements usually about land but end up as cash settlements -> but will never be enough -> Maori connected to their place/land -> not having them part of Maori history, within reach -> unsettling and problematic

Question 14

What did Maori face as a result of colonisation?

Answer 14

Māori faced warfare, confiscation and forced sale
of lands (->paying rates on land - if not paid, land would be taken away), and were depopulated from an estimate of 150,000 in 1769, to 44,000 in the early 1900s
(Glover & Rousseau, 2007; Taonui, 2010).

Question 15

Consequences of isolation from land for Maori

Answer 15

Māori isolated from land to live, cultivate and obtain
food (Glover, et al., 2004;
Taonui, 2010).
Also loss of knowledge -> having to start fresh and rebuild cultivating knowledge

Question 16

Land occupation diagram

Answer 16

Maori land ownership decreasing between 1860-1960

Question 17

Why did Maori shift from rural areas to city centres in the 1960s?

Answer 17

To get a means of living and entering the workplace w/out having jobs -> more reliant on cheap and consistent income in factories/hospitality

Question 18

Examples of government neglect and apathy to Māori health crises.

Answer 18

Intervention considered a ‘special vote’.
Belief Māori were a ‘dying race’ (Orange, 1994).
Need to ‘smooth the dying pillow’ (Te Kani and
Waiti 2011).

Question 19

What was land being taken away from Maori an example of?

Answer 19

Land set aside/protected in use by inhabitants/mana whenua was ceded and used for development of business

Question 20

Government perception that Māori survival lay in

assimilation to western processes

Answer 20

Beliefs that Māori were inferior to Europeans
Attack on Māori mana caused devastating material
and social impacts (Herangi-Panapa, 1998).

Question 21

Why was Maori culture/concerns neglected?

Answer 21

If Maori were supported in epidemics/illnesses (due to foreigners bringing in new diseases), it was seen as Maori getting special treatment -> belief that everyone should be treated the same -> wouldn’t be fair to give direct resources to ppl suffering

• > related to Maori being a dying race
• > instead they should be integrating into NZ western society and that’s how they’ll get ahead
• > impacts Maori mana - collective self-esteem, as who we are as people -> came from govt approach

Question 22

What was undermined by the government?

Answer 22

Māori leadership and sovereignty over Māori

communities undermined by the government

Question 23

What continues to be undermined by the government and how?

Answer 23

Māori approaches to knowledge, governance, the self,
identity, and culture (eg. psychology) continue to be
undermined by the government (eg. state care and Māori)

Question 24

What percentage of children in state care are Maori?

Answer 24

60%

Question 25

What percentage of children harmed (neglected/abused) in state care are Maori?

Answer 25

78%

Question 26

What is state-care?

Answer 26

Children aren’t living with parents and put into govt care

Is based on western model, values, understand and knowledge

Question 27

Why did state-care come about?

Answer 27

Was a denial of Maori agency -> govern themselves, nurture, nourish, sustain whanau, hapu, iwi across all different strata of govt, psychology, social work and removing Maori kids from whanau into alternative care arrangements

Question 28

What is the preferred network of alternative care of a child for Maori?

Answer 28

Child goes into different member of whanau’s care until parent(s) can be supported to turn their lives around -> often not integrated into mainstream practice

Question 29

What was colonisation of NZ about?

Answer 29

“Colonisation of Maori in Aotearoa was as much about colonising the mind as it was about colonising the land

Question 30

Colonisation and intergenerational trauma

Answer 30

-> Indigenous, ‘first nations’ commonalities in European colonising experience and disproportionate rates of psychiatric distress and negative health outcomes
-> Cumulative, intergenerational experience of
trauma, and compounded impact

Question 31

Who can people who aren’t Maori but live in NZ support Maori?

Answer 31

Call for allies -> support protests/marches etc

Question 32

Hone Toia

Answer 32

Protested govt intervention of dog tax -> didn’t see point of paying for several dogs they owned
-> He was arrested

Question 33

Rihi Hancy

Answer 33

Protecting land at Motokaraka, laid on land when others had left because knew police was coming -> she was arrested for trying to protect her land

Question 34

Ngahuia Harris

Answer 34

Went through legal system to buy back land taken -> have some way to keep it within possession/jurisdiction

Question 35

Tiakana Te Pa Harakeke - Matauranga Maori

Answer 35

Bringing forward mātauranga Māori about raising children
 reports that Māori children were ‘over-indulged’ and spoilt
 adored and loved through communal care
 oriori – lullabies, whakatauki – proverbs, purakau –
folklore, stories – affirm the idea of children being adored
-> Resist colonisation by writing own knowledge (practices) rather than having it written/generalised (prejudiced) about them

Question 36

Tiakana Te Pa Harakeke - Native schools

Answer 36

Understanding the impact of Native schools in teaching
Māori parents to discipline children in line with idea that
children should be ‘seen and not heard’

Question 37

Tiakana Te Pa Harakeke - Smacking children

Answer 37

Demystifying ways that we understand raising children and argue back against the idea that smacking was a Māori way.

Question 38

Tiakana Te Pa Harakeke - Connecting colonisation to statistics now

Answer 38

Making connections between colonisation and present day high rates of child death and murder, domestic violence among Māori

Question 39

TOAH-NNEST

Answer 39

Works on treaty-based model:
-> 1 whare - Maori led/developed entity
-> 1 house - Pakeha/migrant runs how they want
Allows what treaty partnership was envisioned to be -> 2 sides working together, side-by-side