Cultural Psychology - Lecture 2: Maori Psychology Flashcards
Imperialism
Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending a nation’s rule over foreign affairs, military force, of gaining political and economic control of areas
Normal and common worldwide through history
Prohibited now by international law
What is imperialism important for?
Indigenous experiences around the world
Consequence of imperialism for people today
Sense of obligation/responsibility within whatever spheres we inhabit to try make sure processes like imperialism never happen again
What does imperialism appear to be at surface level and what does it actually reveal?
Filmsy logic caused imperialism asserted over ppl -> devastating impacts
Reveals assumptions e.g. Maori greatly outnumbered British ppl coming into NZ -> underestimated impact of imperialism on our people
Why were treaties and agreements drawn up?
Treaties and agreements drawn up to honour the
relationship between British and Māori people, and
approach to governance.
He Whakaputanga (1835)
He Whakaputanga (1835) promised Māori mana and
sovereignty in New Zealand, and that foreigners
could not make laws in return for protection of British
people.
-> support trade, economic development
Te Tiriti o Waitangi (1840)
Te Tiriti o Waitangi (1840) promised Māori full
authority over their treasures (land, sea, children),
and the ability to manage their affairs, while English
were allowed governing rights.
The Treaty of Waitangi (1840)
The Treaty of Waitangi (1840) gave English
sovereignty. *Signed by substantially less Māori
What was the problem with TOW?
Maori version was signed and agreed upon and has legal status in NZ, but the English version was practiced a lot more
When and why was the waitangi tribunal established?
The Waitangi tribunal was established in 1975 to
investigate breeches of the Treaty by the Crown.
Example of an ongoing treaty settlement
Ongoing treaty settlement, Ngāpuhi is ongoing.
Impacts of Ngapuhi treaty settlement
Takes up a lot of energy and resources from Ngapuhi ppl who are the guardians of the future generations
How do settlements usually end up?
Settlements usually about land but end up as cash settlements -> but will never be enough -> Maori connected to their place/land -> not having them part of Maori history, within reach -> unsettling and problematic
What did Maori face as a result of colonisation?
Māori faced warfare, confiscation and forced sale
of lands (->paying rates on land - if not paid, land would be taken away), and were depopulated from an estimate of 150,000 in 1769, to 44,000 in the early 1900s
(Glover & Rousseau, 2007; Taonui, 2010).
Consequences of isolation from land for Maori
Māori isolated from land to live, cultivate and obtain
food (Glover, et al., 2004;
Taonui, 2010).
Also loss of knowledge -> having to start fresh and rebuild cultivating knowledge
Land occupation diagram
Maori land ownership decreasing between 1860-1960
Why did Maori shift from rural areas to city centres in the 1960s?
To get a means of living and entering the workplace w/out having jobs -> more reliant on cheap and consistent income in factories/hospitality
Examples of government neglect and apathy to Māori health crises.
Intervention considered a ‘special vote’.
Belief Māori were a ‘dying race’ (Orange, 1994).
Need to ‘smooth the dying pillow’ (Te Kani and
Waiti 2011).
What was land being taken away from Maori an example of?
Land set aside/protected in use by inhabitants/mana whenua was ceded and used for development of business
Government perception that Māori survival lay in
assimilation to western processes
Beliefs that Māori were inferior to Europeans
Attack on Māori mana caused devastating material
and social impacts (Herangi-Panapa, 1998).
Why was Maori culture/concerns neglected?
If Maori were supported in epidemics/illnesses (due to foreigners bringing in new diseases), it was seen as Maori getting special treatment -> belief that everyone should be treated the same -> wouldn’t be fair to give direct resources to ppl suffering
- > related to Maori being a dying race
- > instead they should be integrating into NZ western society and that’s how they’ll get ahead
- > impacts Maori mana - collective self-esteem, as who we are as people -> came from govt approach
What was undermined by the government?
Māori leadership and sovereignty over Māori
communities undermined by the government
What continues to be undermined by the government and how?
Māori approaches to knowledge, governance, the self,
identity, and culture (eg. psychology) continue to be
undermined by the government (eg. state care and Māori)
What percentage of children in state care are Maori?
60%
