cultural factors

Question 1

culture 1

Answer 1

• He et al., 2021- study compared Chinese and American culture and parenting, highlighting how cultural contexts shape parenting. Found, that Chinese mothers prioritise training and collectivist goals, while European American mothers emphasised individualistic goals. However, despite these differences in values and goals, no significant differences were observed in the actual parenting practices between the 2 groups. Whilst for Chinese mothers, collectivist values were more predictive of their parenting beliefs, there were not sig differences.
• Because of this importance on education for what the Chinese culture believes to yield success, authoritarian parenting is highly adopted among Chinese families. As a result of these, Chinese parents are, “highly demanding and exert high control over children’s academic performance,” (Huang & Gove, 2015). However, these parents also tend to view this as a combined effort and take their child’s academic success or failure as their own (Huang & Gove, 2015).

culture important- for example, review shows how authoritative parenting best for academic achievement, however in some collectivist cultures authoritatrian was best- highlighting difference wihtin culutres and parenitng but also how parenting influences children within culutres- this may be due to social norms, where peers in western cultures may deem their authoritarian parents as unfair, this is more normal in collectivist cultures and so perceptions of parenting is more posiitve so outcomes are more posituve- Checa et al., 2018/ riggs et al., 2022

Question 2

culture 2

Answer 2

• • Janak et al., 2022- Asian parenting, particularly in China, emphasizes parental authority and familial priorities, such as education and respective social status (Su & Hynie, 2011). In contrast, North American parenting places more importance on, “individualism, independence, defiance of authority, self-esteem, self-reliance, and open emotional expression,” (Su & Hynie, 2011). Similarly, the European culture typically encourages independence and overall freedom of expression. In addition, both of the environments in these cultures tend to be more liberal in regard to dress, sexual preference, religious beliefs, and occupation. Therefore, these parents may not be as likely to encourage the straight and narrow path of development and success. Because of these traits, parents of North American and European culture tend to embody a more authoritative parenting style
• Elwakeel et al., 2024- qual study- Cultural influences play a crucial role in shaping perceptions and practices of parenthood and family life. Found Parenting practices varied widely, encompassing diverse parenting styles, discipline methods, education priorities, health and nutrition, work-life balance, and family support networks.

Question 3

SES 1

Answer 3

• Roubinov et al., 2017- review that highlights how factors that mediate or moderate the relationship of SES on parenting are significantly understudied. MENTAL health including depression may mediate this relationship, lots of parents struggle within low ses and it is the struggle rather than the SES itself that impacts on parenitng
• Repetti et al., 2002= As compared to higher SES family environments, parenting within low SES family environments has been observed to be harsher and more punitive [9] with greater levels of chaos [10] and more instability in day-to-day family routines [11, 12, 13]. In their seminal review paper on the consequences of adverse early family relationships, Repetti et al. [14] highlight the association of low SES with ‘risky’ family characteristics, including heightened family conflict, low levels of support, and exposures to family violence.
• Hoffman 2002- The literature provides ample evidence that both the environments in which children acquire language and the rate of children’s language development vary as a function of family SES. Environmental differences arise from SES-related differences in the ways in which mothers interact with and talk to their children. Compared to lower-SES mothers, higher-SES mothers talk more to their children and are more responsive to their children’s verbalizations.

Question 4

SES 2

Answer 4

• A meta-analysis by Hoff et al. (2022) found that SES is positively linked to positive parenting and negatively linked to negative parenting. This suggests that higher SES is associated with more supportive and nurturing parenting behaviors, while lower SES correlates with less favorable practices.
• Research by Li et al. (2021) indicates that parental economic status influences adolescents’ educational aspirations, with higher SES increasing the likelihood of pursuing fields with extrinsic rewards. This finding suggests that SES shapes parental values, which in turn affect children’s academic and career goals
• Sociologist Annette Lareau introduced the concepts of “concerted cultivation” and “natural growth” to describe how SES influences parenting styles. Middle-class parents often engage in concerted cultivation, actively fostering their children’s talents and skills through structured activities and reasoning. In contrast, working-class parents may adopt a natural growth approach, allowing children more unstructured time and autonomy. These differing practices reflect underlying parental values shaped by socioeconomic factors

Question 5

religion

Answer 5

• Mixed results
• A meta-analysis by Mahoney et al. (2008) revealed that parental religiosity is associated with positive parenting practices, including authoritative parenting styles characterized by warmth and support. This relationship suggests that religious involvement can foster nurturing behaviors toward children.
• Horwath 2010- Religious beliefs can inform disciplinary approaches within families. Studies have found that certain religious communities may endorse specific disciplinary practices, such as corporal punishment, as a means to instill obedience and moral values in children. However, these practices and their prevalence can vary widely across different religious and cultural contexts
• When there are so many types of religion, and religion evolving constantly e.g. Christianity being more inclusive it is very difficult to study these effects. (
• Bornstein 2017- The influence of religion on parenting is not uniform and varies across different faiths and cultural settings. A study examining parental religiosity across various global contexts found that greater parental religiousness had both positive and negative associations with parenting and child adjustment, highlighting the complex interplay between religious beliefs and parenting practices

Authoritarian parenting is often acquainted with religious beliefs. Some preliminary studies by Volling et al. (2009); Nnadozie et al. (2018) revealed that religious beliefs have a noticeable impact on the adoption of parenting styles. The underlying reason is that religiosity is perceived as the culture which forms values and behaviors of parents to guide their children.

Question 6

culture again-

Answer 6

Research indicates that authoritarian parenting styles are more prevalent in certain cultures, particularly those with collectivist orientations. For instance, a study comparing Egyptian-Canadian (collectivist) and Anglo-Canadian (individualist) families found that Egyptian-Canadians scored higher on measures of authoritarianism and collectivism (Rudy & Grusec, 2001). Similarly, research has shown that authoritarian parenting is more common in Asian societies. For example, a study found that Chinese parents rated higher in authoritarianism compared to American and Australian parents (Leung, Lau, & Lam, 1998).