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Affluence and Conformity > cultural conformity and challenge > Flashcards

cultural conformity and challenge Flashcards

1
Q

why had society become an age of conformists?

A
  • economic hardship suffered in 30’s. people wanted stability
  • growth of suburbs, uniformity, a common way of living
  • coroporate culture; the organisation man
  • tensions of the cold war; they responded by calls for national unity
  • TV and Ads promoted social conformity.
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2
Q

what was the Beat generation?

A
  • came from young middle aged men
  • began with a few columbian students
  • estimated n.o of followers was around several thousand
  • “beat” came from an underground slang word used to mean “beaten down druggie”
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3
Q

who were the four key figures of the movement?

A

Jack Kerouac
William S. Burroughs
Allen Ginsberg
Neal Cassidy

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4
Q

what were the key ideas of the movement?

A
  • rejection of materialism
  • spiritual and sexual liberation for oppressed minorities e.g. gays
  • freedom of speech
  • non-conformity
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5
Q

what did Irving Howe say about the period of Eisenhower’s presidency?

A

“age of conformity”

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6
Q

how much did salaried middle-class workers increase by during 1947-1957?

A

61%

this was fuelled by an explosive growth in large corporations that needed specialised employee’s

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7
Q

what book was written that was critical of the men who worked in the big corporations?

A

“the organisation man” 1956 by William Whyte which sold two million copies

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8
Q

what did Whyte argue in his book the “organisation man”?

A
  • suburban life promoted “getting along “ and belonging
  • corporate enterprises such as general motors had created a managerial personality
  • that the organisational man allowed themselves to be subordinated to big corporations.
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9
Q

what did William Whyte suggest the pressure to conform came from?

A
  • many post-war high schools had course on social acceptable behaviour
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10
Q

how many homes had televisions in 1960?

A
  • 90% of Americans
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11
Q

what did polls reveal about TV? 60’s?

A
  • 1960 = TV was the favourite leisure activity of more than 50% of Americans.
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12
Q

how did television promote conformity? examples

A
  • 1950 family sitcoms
  • e.g. “father knows best” 1954 and the “adventures of Ozzie and Harriett” 1952 portrayed the domestic bliss of white middle-class suburban families.
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13
Q

how did television promote consumerism?

A
  • non-stop adverts and in programmes

- e.g. “i remember mama” 1949 young family members taught their immigrants parents that consumerism was good.

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14
Q

what did TV do to educational test scores and ready habbits?

A
  • declined
  • newspapers sales dropped in favour of TV
  • and Life magazine eventually ceased publication.
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15
Q

what was the main reason that critics though TV caused conformity?

A
  • they were designed for maximum mass appeal
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16
Q

what was an example of TV only representing popular views?

A
  • “Nat King Cole show” 1956 which was hostel by a Black American who’s show was show was soon dropped due to popular white racism.
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17
Q

how did some people disagree with what critics said about TV?

A
  • said it was a cheap form of entertainment that could be watched by the whole family
  • rejected the idea that it created conformity as viewers werent “passive recipients”
18
Q

examples of TV that challenged conformity?

A
  • Martin Luther King’s fist televised interview 1957 on “the open mind”
  • he presented his ideas about the new negro
19
Q

what did Film also do similar to tv during the 50’s?

A
  • promote conformity abd reflected conservatism and values

e. g. submissive women and evil indians.

20
Q

how did Hollywood begin to change its treatment of “sex” in films?

A
  • sex sold

- “baby doll” 1956 which contains sexual scenes

21
Q

when did the supreme court grant freedom of expression to films?

A

1952

22
Q

when were interacial marriages shown in film?

A

was forbade until 1956

- 1957 the first interracial movie was shown in Island in the sun

23
Q

example of how Hollywood was more conservative on sec than Broadway?

A

the movie blue denim (1959) was based on a play about a 15 year old girl who had an abortion, however in the film version she kept the baby and the word “abortion” was never mentioned.

24
Q

what two films reflected challenging racial sterotypes?

A
  • the defiant (1958) about white and black prisoners need to co-operate in order to survive
  • Imitation of life (1959) where a black mother is represented as the heroine of the film.
25
Q

what musical almost caused a race riot?

A

the south pacific 1958 about interracial romances was not well received and almost cause a race riot in Long Island.

26
Q

how did Hollywood/movies challenge female roles and middle class conformity?

A
  • All that heaven allows (1955) widowed women Jane Wyman shocks the country club set when she becomes involved with a bohemian garderner younger than her.
  • although she rejects middle class materialism they get married, this is significant as it still suggests the womens most important role is to be a wife.
27
Q

what film reflects emerging teenage culture and teen rebels?

A

“rebel without a cause” 1955 James Dean a young teenager struggling with the adult world - however he eventually recognises his fathers authority and support.

28
Q

how much did advertising increase to during the 50’s/60’s

A

$5.7 billion - 1950’s

$11.9 billion - 60’s

29
Q

what did Yale historian David Potter argue about advertising?

A
  • that it was as influential as education and religion because it dominated in the media and shaped standards and acted as a means of social control. - 1954
30
Q

example of how advertisements increased sales of products?

A
  • Marlboro cigarettes were considered feminine until advertising associated them with the wild west cowboy masculinity and sales rocketed.
31
Q

how did 30 year old Ginsburg gain fame?

A

1956 published “howl” a poem written under the influence of drugs which dealt with issues such as drug, homosexuality and non-conformity. wha

32
Q

what book was published by Jack Kerouac?

A

on the road 1957

  • he wrote whilst under the influence Marijuana
  • however when it was published much of the description on drug taking and homosexual practice was taken out
33
Q

what is estimated about the number of “beats”?

A
  • 150 writers

- other supporters vary from several hundred to several thousand.

34
Q

when did the media and public loose interest in the Beats?

A
  • 1960’s
35
Q

who was Doctor Timothy Leary?

A
  • Harvard uni lecture who experimented on his students with drugs/
36
Q

when did a superficial movement of the beats occur?

A
  • in colleges
  • became fashionable for young people to adopt anti-establishment attitudes
  • from 1958 they were known as the beatniks
37
Q

what did Kerrouac think of the Beatnik’s?

A
  • he thought they were pretentious copy cats
38
Q

what music group constituted a more widespread challenge to dominant culture?

A
  • Rock n Roll 1950’s

- combined rhythm and blues with country and western.

39
Q

what was music like for kids before the 50’s?

A
  • they liked what their parents like such as Frank Sinatra there was no “teenage music”
40
Q

examples of popular rock artists?

A
  • Chuck Berry
  • Elvis Presely
  • Little Richard.
41
Q

why was Rock n roll popular amoungst young people?

A
  • added to their sense of group identity - only they could appreciate it
  • more money to spend on records due to part time jobs and greater allowances from their parents.

Affluence and Conformity (9 decks)

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