Cultural Awareness

Question 1

What are some values of our culture?

Answer 1

Time, comfort, individualism, feminism, political correctness, health care, religious freedoms - so long as they don’t affect me and my views, violence, police, clothes (appearance), freedom of speech, innocent until proven guilty

Question 2

What are societal roles in relation to gender?

Answer 2

Jobs, clothing, characteristics (nurture vs. tough, emotional vs. lack of emotion).

Question 3

What is cultural relativism? (In casual terms)

Answer 3

When dealing with someone from a different culture, trying to view things through their eyes, and their belief system.

Question 4

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 4

Thinking one race or culture is superior eg. Nazis

Question 5

What is cultural sensitivity?

Answer 5

Understanding and being curious about other cultures, cultural practices, what your patients want, etc.

Question 6

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 6

implicit principle underlying the conceptual approaches developed by nurses to guide cross-cultural caregiving… the perspective that behaviors of t individuals should be judged only from the context of their own cultural system

Question 7

What is the goal of cultural relativism?

Answer 7

To refrain from being judgemental.

Question 8

What are the drawbacks of cultural relativism?

Answer 8

undermines any condemnation of the violation of human rights or of repression in cultures other than one’s own”
Perpetuates the injustices and oppression of vulnerable populations - who might these vulnerable populations be?

Everyone creates his/her own reality, there is no overriding viewpoint, no transcendent referent from which one can compare different knowledge traditions and judge one as being better than the other. All knowledge is embedded and contextual

Question 9

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 9

use of ones own culture as the standard to judge other cultures and also to the assumption that one’s own cultures is superior to another culture

Question 10

What is the goal of ethnocentrism?

Answer 10

Guiding moral principle, that’s consistent throughout culture.

Question 11

What are the benefits of ethnocentrism?

Answer 11

Can hold other cultures to a higher or worse standard.

Question 12

What are the drawbacks (problems) of ethnocentrism?

Answer 12

Can be very supremist

Question 13

What is cultural competence?

Answer 13

nursing care is based on … awareness of one’s own biases and prejudices toward other cultures, knowledge about culture in general, ability to conduct accurate cultural assessments and interpersonal skills in cross-cultural encounters

Question 14

What is the goal of cultural competence?

Answer 14

To be knowledgeable, respectful, nonjudgemental

Question 15

What does cultural competence require?

Answer 15

Self reflection and knowledge of one’s own beliefs. Exposes oneself to errors created by one’s own preconceptions.

Question 16

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 16

Kohlberg set out to determine how people came to think/resolve about moral problems. He developed a scenario for the participants to resolve. Administered all over the world (all races, rural and urban).

Question 17

What is the one population that Kohlberg’s theory did not administer his scenario to?

Answer 17

Neglected to administer the scenario to women.

Question 18

What are the three levels of morality according to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 18

Preconventional morality
Conventional morality
Post-conventional morality

Question 19

What is preconventional morality?

Answer 19

Punishment-obedience - avoidance of punishment
Personal reward orientation - based on need
-Follows society rules of respect for authority or fear of being punished for the bad behaviour.

Question 20

What is conventional morality?

Answer 20

Good boy/nice girl - law and order - golden rule, ethic of reciprocity and shared societal agreement.

• conform to certain standards to try and preserve social order because they believe it is right to follow the rules.
• begin to take others feelings and needs into account

Question 21

What is post-conventional morality?

Answer 21

Social contract, universal ethical principle - uphholding the rights and values of society and free-standing logic

• moves beyond feelings/needs and is characterized by a search of abstract principles of justice.
• Kohlberg considered this the highest or most sophisticated level of moral reasoning.
• Only about 20% of the population reach this level of moral development.

Question 22

What are some problem’s with Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 22

Applied the same scenario and reasoning to women.
Discovered that women scored a “level” below males. Women tended to reason based on relationships/connections with others.
I.e. men were more sophisticated than women with their moral reasoning.

Question 23

What did Gilligan do to contribute to theory of moral development?

Answer 23

Worked with Kohlberg early on.
Spurred on her interest in moral development and worked to study the question: why do some individuals recognize a higher moral law, while others simply are content to obey the rules without question?

Question 24

What is wrong with Kohlberg’s framework according to Gilligan?

Answer 24

Females are less morally developed than males, or something is wrong with Kohlberg’s framework.

Question 25

What did Gilligan think about why girls and boys/men and women reason differently?

Answer 25

She equated difference in reasoning relating to how girls and boys were raised

Ie. As boys grow they are encouraged to become more objective and detached from others
Girls are more often encouraged to develop a growing sense of connectedness with and care for others

Boys – more orientated to rules, principles, and ideas of justice and rights
Girls – reasoning more focused on caring & relationships

Question 26

What did Gilligan equate differences between rational based on gender roles in relation to? (Three concepts)

Answer 26

Equated differences of rational based on gender roles relating to:
moral voice
view of self
moral safety

Question 27

What is “moral voice”?

Answer 27

Justice, rights vs care, preserving emotional connectedness

Question 28

What is “view of self”?

Answer 28

Hierarchy, separateness vs interdependence, empathy

Question 29

What are the three stages of women’s moral development according to Gilligan?

Answer 29

Stages of women’s moral development:

• Concern for individual survival
• Goodness equated with self-sacrifice
• Goodness seen as caring for both self and others

Question 30

What is “Concern for individual self”?

Answer 30

Transition from selfishness to responsibility

Question 31

What is “Goodness equated with self-sacrifice”?

Answer 31

Transition from self-sacrifice to giving themselves permission to take of themselves.

Question 32

What is “goodness seen as caring for both self and others”?

Answer 32

Inclusive, non-violent. Condemns exploitation and hurt.

Question 33

What are the criticisms to Gilligan’s views? (That women’s moral voices are superior)

Answer 33

Reinforces traditional stereotypes
Hard to retain the separate “but equal” part.
Suggest than men and women have nothing to learn from one another, since each has it’s own exclusive moral voice.
Devalues men with a “female voice” and vice versa

Question 34

What is Gilligan’s “superiority thesis”?

Answer 34

Women’s moral voices are superior.

Question 35

What is the critique of Gilligan’s “superiority thesis”?

Answer 35

Inversion of traditional claims of male superiority
Exclusionary
Demands that one side of the comparison be the loser.

Question 36

What is feminine moral philosophy?

Answer 36

Initiated to go against the male hierarchy
Give voice to female perspective and roles
Bring diversity to health care ethics
Focus on how we relate to one another
Draws attention to contextual features of people (gender, power, justice)

Question 37

What is the goal of feminine moral philosophy?

Answer 37

Goal is to achieve social justice.

Question 38

What is social justice

Answer 38

full participation in society and the balancing of benefits and burdens by all citizens, resulting in equitable living and a just ordering of society” (buettner-schmidt & lobo, 2011).
“the fair distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities and their consequences. It focuses on the relative position of one social group in relationship to others in society as well as on the root causes of disparities and what can be done to eliminate them (CNA, 2006). “

Question 39

What are some critiques of feminine moral philosophy?

Answer 39

Further increases the traditional imbalances between genders.
Focused on nurturing/caring which fosters the devalues the role of women in society
When men become more nurturing, it’s no longer gender associated.

Question 40

What are Gilligan’s three stages of moral development? (And the goals of each stage)

Answer 40

Preconventional morality - goal is individual survival.
Conventional morality - self sacrifice is goodness
Post-conventional morality - principle of nonviolence, do not hurt others or self

Question 41

What are the two transition stages identified by Gilligan?

Answer 41

Transition one - from selfishness to responsibility to others
Transition two - from goodness to realization that she is a person too