Cultural

Question 1

What is Culture?

Answer 1

Shared values, beliefs, attitudes, knowledge and behaviours shared by a group, who often speak the same language.

Related to ethnicity, nationality, gender, age and generation, socioeconomic in COMPLEX ways

Question 2

Cultural Forms: Multiculturalism

Answer 2

While there are some commonalities across cultures, there are also many difference

Question 3

Cultural Forms: Crossing Time

Answer 3

Culture is continually changing and formed with surrounding influences.
Cultural norms are evolving

Question 4

Culture in Psychology:

Answer 4

We want to know more about our own culture(s) as well as other cultures. Especially how a person’s cultural identity(s) influence their thoughts, feelings, attitudes and behaviours

Question 5

Cultural Psychology is important to..

Answer 5

Understand how culture influences the way others perceive and understand the world around them, and to build harmonious intergroup relations

To understand how our own cultural views may shape the way we approach research, how we interpret findings, or how we practice psychology.

Question 6

Cross-cultural Psychology

Answer 6

• Studying and identifying similarities or differences across two or more different cultural groups
• Concerned with how culture influences or affects psychological processes

Question 7

Sociocultural Influences on Weight loss/gain & Muscles for GIRLS

Answer 7

Cross Cultural Similarities:
- Pressure to lose weight from all sociocultural sources for all groups

Difference:
- Combines with messages to gain weight and increase muscles for other groups

Some groups report consistent pressure to be thin (Chinese) whilst others received messages to gain and loose weight (NZ Tongan and Indigenous Fijian)

Complex pressures for body change behaviours vary across groups

Question 8

Different Approaches to Cross-Cultural Research

Answer 8

1. Comparing between Nations
   e. g. Australian and Chinese
2. Comparing different cultures within the same nations
   e. g. Indigenous Fijian and Indo Fijian
3. Comparing the ‘same’ cultures within different nations
   e. g. Tongans in Tonga and Tongans in NZ

Question 9

Individualistic Culture

Answer 9

• Concept of the self is defined as separate
• Interests of the individual are given priority
• Independence and autonomy of the individual are emphasised
• Pursuit and fulfilment of individual goals are expected
• Behaviour is explained in terms of individual decisions and attributes
• Accumulation of individual wealth and possessions is normal
• Leadership, competitiveness, aggression and achievement are normal

Question 10

Collectivist Cultures:

Answer 10

• The concept of self is defined only in relation to the group
• Interests of the group are given priority
• The interdependence and solidarity of people within the group are emphasised
• The pursuit of happiness and harmony is expected
• Behaviour is explained in terms of adherence to group norms
• Collective ownership of resources is normal
• Group conformity, obligation and sense of duty are normal

Question 11

Cultural Differences in terms of self-esteem

Answer 11

• East Asian score lower on measures of self-esteem than Western countries
• Findings suggested cultural differences in self-esteem reflect a difference in self-evaluations
• Differences in cognitive self-evaluations reduced when controlling for modesty
• Perhaps cultural norms of modesty temper cognitive self-evaluations, which explains differences in global self-esteem

Question 12

Acculturation

Answer 12

• The changes and consequences that occur for individuals as a result of crossing from one cultural context to another
• Often the responses of the dominant group towards others (e.g. migrants, refugees) are important in determining when the acculturation experience will be like

Question 13

Acculturation Strategies:

Answer 13

1. Integration - Valuing old culture and new culture
2. Separation - Old culture valued, new culture not
3. Assimilation - New culture values, old culture not
4. Marginalisation - Dismiss old and new culture

Strategies can be forced

Question 14

Ethnocentrism

Answer 14

• The tendency for an individual’s own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world
• People of one culture using their own values, standards, attitudes and behaviours to judge the way others think and behave
• Believes that their own culture is superior
• Own lifestyle is viewed as the norm whilst others are viewed as strange and inferior

Question 15

Stereotypes

Answer 15

A generalised view of social groups; the belief that all members of a particular cultural group share common traits of behaviours
e.g. PI’s: High in Warmth, lower in competence
Chinese: Lower in warmth, very competent
Europeans: High in Warmth and competence
Maori: Low in warmth and competence

Question 16

Stereotype:
Maori: Low in warmth and competence
Why?

Answer 16

Historical context of NZ, Maori are good at trying to right historical injustices. To stop them trying to fix injustices, we have to develop stereotypes that is going to maintain unequal power in NZ. Strategy to keep them at arms length

Question 17

Prejudice

Answer 17

Having unreasonable and negative stereotypes about members of another group - A feeling

Question 18

Discrimination

Answer 18

The behaviour that displays prejudice attitudes - Action

Question 19

Racism

Answer 19

The pervasive and systematic assumption of the inferiority of certain groups, as well as the different and unfair treatment of those groups on the basis of that assumed inferiority

Question 20

Cultural Psychology

Answer 20

• How the culture you live in may influence your sense of self-identity and your behaviour

Question 21

Indigenous Psychologies:

Answer 21

characterised by challenges to the dominance of American psychological knowledge, and by indigenous peoples’ demands for a voice in decisions that impact on their futures.

Question 22

Indigenous Psychologies: Objectives

Answer 22

• Further advance a psychology of indigenous peoples
• Develop a psychology that is not imposed or imported from elsewhere
• Consider the multiple contexts in which people live
• Develop knowledge within and alongside cultures using a variety of methods
• Produce locally relevant psychological knowledge

Question 23

Pacific Peoples: Outcomes

Answer 23

• Higher incidence of long-term health issues; Heart disease, obesity, diabetes, stroke
• Higher Proportion in the criminal justice system
• Lower education outcomes (although improving)
• Higher rates of unemployment

Question 24

Pacific Peoples: History

Answer 24

NZ relations with Pacific neighbours:

• Niue & Cook Islands - When born, are citizens
• Samoa - not citizens when born, even though once upon a time were under the rule of NZ
• After war, labour shortage in NZ, invited people from Pacific, thus influx of Pacific migration in 60-70s
• Pacific people having to redefine themselves to fit into NZ
• Contributes to ethnic disparities in health, injustices, education and employment

Question 25

Dawn Raids

Answer 25

- Economic decline - Government crackdown on illegal overstayers from the Pacific - 86% arrested were pacific, even though majority of overstayers were from UK, SA and AUS - Thus PI people used as scape goats - Damage to race-relations

Question 26

The Emerging Pacific

Answer 26

- Subsequent generations born in NZ in an increasingly multi-cultural context - Influences identity - Links maintained with Pacific homelands - Historical context marked by acculturative processes and discriminatory practices

Question 27

Pacific Culture:

Answer 27

1. Collectivist 2. Interdependent self-concept 3. Extended family 4. leadership reserved for elders 5. Spiritual

Question 28

Western Culture:

Answer 28

1. Individualist 2. Independent self-concept 3. Nuclear family 4. Democratic 5. Empirical

Question 29

What are Pacific Psychologies?

Answer 29

- Shared understandings - Holistic understanding - CRUCIAL - Religion and spirituality - Family orientated e.g. in treatment, family heavily involved - Acculturative processes

Question 30

Pacific Approaches to health and wellbeing

Answer 30

Pacific approaches to psychology all take into consideration: - Mental and Physical wellbeing - Spirituality - Influence of the environment

Question 31

Pacific Psychologies: Intergeneration differences

Answer 31

Older pacific people more likely to be born in the Islands, whereas younger pacific people are more likely to be born in NZ. Therefore, need to understand differences between them in the way culture is practiced, identity is understood. Traditional form vs contemporary - can be a source of conflict

Question 32

Colonisation

Answer 32

Ongoing process of control by which a central system of power dominated the surrounding land and its components

Question 33

Tamitanga

Answer 33

Suppression, oppression, repression, colonisation

Question 34

Historical considerations for Maori Psychology

Answer 34

1. Colonisation 2. Loss of land 3. Declining population after war 4. ToW 1840

Question 35

Contemporary considerations for Maori Psychology

Answer 35

1. Over-representation in prison population 2. poorer health, housing and educational outcomes than their Pakeha counterparts 3. Remaining gap between policy and practise; culturally appropriate services, consultation with Maori, Treaty of Waitangi as a founding document to all policy and practice concerning Maori

Question 36

Maori Psychology: is unique

Answer 36

- Maori world view co exists with mainstream views of NZ society - Many Maori are able to operate within the confounds of NZ society whilst maintaining an equivalent and parallel reality within the Maori worldview - Commonalities between 'Kiwi's' and Maori yet also have distinct differences - These differences are often hidden

Question 37

Maori Approaches to Psychology:

Answer 37

- Differences in Maori and western psychology; the tendency of western psychology to separate the mind and body, and study cognition without considering the broader picture - Maori psychological processes and cognition are intrinsically connected to our wider physicality, our bodies, spirituality, ancestors, families, communities, environment and the social and political systems.

Question 38

Maori Experiences with research

Answer 38

- Dissatisfied with the way research was conducted by non Maori (experience and methodology) - Minimal or no consultation with Maori (cultural appropriateness) - Misrepresentation of information, historic exploitation of Maori - Research often presented from a deficit position reiterating negative symptoms, not beneficial to Maori

Question 39

Kaupapa Maori Theory and Research

Answer 39

- Based on principleS of TM - Relevant approach for research within Maori Communities - Considers Maori worldview/ culturally appropriate - Challenges the privileging of dominant Eurocentric views - Maori centered agenda - issues and needs of Maori are the focus - Gives full recognition to Maori cultural values and systems - Maori maintain control over the research

Question 40

Critiques of Kaupapa Research

Answer 40

- Can have a narrow focus, b/c it has an emphasis on empowerment for Maori - Often just the immediate group of participants who gain - Time consuming compared to others

Question 41

PAR research

Answer 41

- Acknowledges community contributions to research | - Principles of Collab, reflection, action and participation

Question 42

Critiques of PAR

Answer 42

- Expensive and time consuming - never politically neutral, can be used to promote a range of interests - inappropriate application of methods, poor training of researchers, weak research relationship, shallow particip