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Parasitology and entomology > Culicine mosquitos > Flashcards

Culicine mosquitos Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main culecines that are confirmed vectors?

A
  • Aedes
  • Culex
  • Haemogogus
  • Mansonia
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2
Q

What are the differences between anopheles, aedes and culex larvae?

A

Anopheles- parallel to water surface, NO siphon

Aedes- at an angle, siphon with one pair of hair tufts

Culex- angle, slender siphon with lots of hairs

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3
Q

What are the differences between anopheles, aedes and culex eggs?

A

Anopheles- single eggs with floats
Aees- single egg without floats
Culex- rafts of eggs

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4
Q

How long do aedes eggs survive out of water? Why is this beneficial?

A

Around 6 months- they are desiccation resistant. Makes them better vectors as they do not die as easily and can spread to other areas by being carried on clothing etc.

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5
Q

Why has A albopictus been able to spread to S America?

A

Due to the desiccation resistance of Aedes eggs, meaning that they have been able to be transported dry on ships and spread to new areas.

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6
Q

What is on the outside of the mosquito egg and how does this change over time?

A

Chorion which darkens from translucent to dark brown over time after laying.

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7
Q

How do we distinguish adults of anopheles versus culex and aedes?

A

Anopheles:

  • Arse up
  • Palps long as proboscis
  • 1 spermathecae
  • Spotted wings

Culex and aedes:

  • Cunt down
  • Palps shorter than proboscis
  • 3 spermathecae
  • (Usually) unspotted wings
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8
Q

Culex and aedes have the majority of their adult features in common. How do we distinguish between them?

A

Culex blunt female abdomen however aedes has a pointed female abdomen.

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9
Q

Which major urban diseases is aedes responsible for?

A

Dengue, zika, chikungunya

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10
Q

What is lymphatic filariasis transmitted by?

A

Aedes, culex, mansonia, hemogogus.

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11
Q

What does mansonia transmit?

A

Brugian filariasis (brugia malayi)

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12
Q

Why are culex borne diseases often harder to control for?

A

They often involve a zoonotic reservoir.

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13
Q

Which aedes species looks similar to aegypti and how does it differ?

A

Albopictus. Has a line on the thorax rather than a lyre shape.

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14
Q

Why is aedes aegypti such a good vector?

A
  • Day biter
  • Extremely anthropophilic
  • Eggs resistant to dessication
  • Wide range of breeding sites- tree holes, bamboo, banana plants, man made drains, cemeteries, pot plants, tyres, unsealed tanks.
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15
Q

What is the distribution of aedes aegypti?

A

Most of South America, West and Central Africa, Indian subcontinent, North Australia, SE Asia.

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16
Q

WHy should we be careful when identifying aegypti vs albopictus?

A

Patterns are from white scales- these scales can rub off.

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17
Q

Where does albopictus breed?

A

Thickets and vegetation as well as man made containers such as water pots and tyres.

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18
Q

Why are albopictus mosquitos dangerous vectors? (RE feeding habits). However, why are they less important vectors?

A

They are aggressive outdoor biters (also rest outside). Also they are more cold tolerant and hence their range is larger. Mainly zoophilic.

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19
Q

What is the principal vector for chikungunya?

A

Albopictus (also aegypti).

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20
Q

How did albopictus get to America?

A

Imported tyres from Asia in the 80s?

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21
Q

In which tropical region is there more albopictus than aegypti?

A

China and N Asia.

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22
Q

Where in Europe is albopictus prevalent?

A

France, Greece, Italy.

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23
Q

Where is aedes japonicus found?

A

Far east asia, europe (germany and eastern europe)

24
Q

What makes aedes japonicus a potentially dangeous vector? Why is vector potential limited?

A
  • V cold tolerant
  • Tolerates high concentrations of organic matter (breeding)
  • High dispersal ability

-Mainly zoophilic

25
Q

Which virus does japonicus have the potential to transmit?

A

West nile virus

26
Q

Aedes koreicus- why is it a a potentially dangeous vector. What is it a potential vector for?

A
  • Dessication resistant eggs
  • Cold resistant
  • Japanese encephalitis (in Russia)
27
Q

Why could aedes atropalpus be a potentially dangerous vector?

A

-Is an invasive north American species (has spread to Europe through tyre export). Has potential to become a vector.

28
Q

What is aedes polynesiensis a vector for and where? What are it’s breeding grounds?
What is it a potential vector for?

A
  • Primary vector for LF in South Pacific
  • Cohabits but outcompetes aegypti
  • Breeds in buckets, crab holes, coconut shells and man made containers.
  • Potential vector for zika.
29
Q

Describe the dengue transmission cycle. What are the vectors for it?

A

Has human to human transmission in urban areas.
Transmission between primates in rural areas.
Sylvatic cycle –> zone of emergence –> human cycle

  • Albopictus, aegypti and polynesiensis are the vectors
  • Transovarial transmission can also occur within mosquito populations.
30
Q

What is the zone of emergence?

A

The zone between sylvatic cycles and human cycles that links the two and allows transmission between them.

31
Q

What is a bridge vector?

A

Takes the virus from zoonotic to human cycles.

32
Q

What is the prediction from 2015 to 2050 for dengue? What about 2080?

A

Predict a larger spread in Africa. By 2080, most of Africa will be affected. South America, however, is predicted to remain the same throughout.

33
Q

Where is the distribution of chikungunya?

A

South America, Africa and South Asia.

34
Q

What maintains the cycles of CHIKV? WHich mosquitos are important for disease transmission?

A

There is a sylvatic cycle in monkeys which maintains the cycle.
Aegypti and albopictus.

35
Q

What is aedes africanus the vector for? Where is it found?

A

Yellow fever. Africa (bar Madagascar).

36
Q

What are the vectors for yellow fever (sylvatic and human)?

A

A africanus in monkeys (and in humans in rural savannahs), aegypti in urban humans.

37
Q

Aedes africanus

  • Where is it mainly found?
  • When and where does it feed?
  • Where does it breed?
  • What is it thought to be vectors for?
A
  • Continental Africa
  • Dawn and dusk near woodland areas
  • Trees, bamboo, natural breeding sites etc.
  • Yellow fever (in primates) and mayaro virus.
38
Q

How is aedes controlled?

A
  • IRS
  • Larvaecides
  • Biological control e.g. wolbachia
  • Screens
  • Mosquito proof storage (decrease larval habitats)
  • Genetic control (GM sterile males)
  • Space spraying during epidemics (not as effective as wind blows it away)
39
Q

How many species of culex are there?

A

800

40
Q

Where do culex breed?
What are they vectors for?
When do they feed?

A
  • Diverse breeding sites
  • Involved in complex zoonotic diseases and LF
  • Night feeders
41
Q

How many species in the Culex pipiens complex? WHAT ARE THEY?
Why might they be bridge vectors?

A 
4
Pipiens (ss)
Quinquefasciatus
Molestus
Pallens
Have the ability to bite humans and animals. Hybrid zones in US.
42
Q

Where does quinquefasciatus breed?

A

DIRTY water e.g. pit latrines, rotting veg, etc.

43
Q

Why is west nile virus complex?

A

Transmitted by many species (60 confirmed species can transmit).

44
Q

What are amplifier hosts for WNV and why is this dangerous? What are dead end hosts for this?

A

Birds are amplifier species. Dangerous because bird migration may spread it. Humans are dead end hosts.

45
Q

What are the three species that cause LF? Where is it a big problem?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia timori and brugia malayi.

South pacific, asia, africa and south america.

46
Q

What does periodic and subperiodic describe in terms of LF?

A

Describes when the filarial worms are most active in the skin and the blood of the human for optimal transmission into a feeding mosquito.

47
Q

Describe the lifecycle of bancrofti and malayi (same).

A

Mosquito takes blood meal with filarial worms –> shed sheath and enter midgut –> penetrate thoracic muscles qhere they develop from L1-L3 –> then head and through proboscis into human host–> asults in lymphatics produce sheathed microfilariae that migrate to lymph and blood channels to be taken up by feeding mosquito.

48
Q

Where do mansonia lay eggs. Why do larvae have a knife siphon? HOW may this be used for mosquito control?

A

Glue to underside of vegetation. To penetrate plants to get oxygen into their siphon.
Getting rid of acquatic plants cuts off o2 supply for mansonia.

49
Q

When do mansonia bite?

A

Night. Are persistent biters.

50
Q

Where is mansonia the dominant mosq species?

A

Guinea.

51
Q

HOw can culex tritaerhynchitus be distinguished? Waht is it the vector for? Where does it breed?

A

White stripe on proboscis.
Japanese encephalitis and rift valley fever
Sunlit water such as rice paddies and swamps.

52
Q

What are the enzoonotic reservoirs for japanese encephalitis?

A

Cattle egrets and herrings. (Also cattle, pigs and man when the population is high enough)

53
Q

Where are armigeres mosquitos found and where do they breed? What is its most identifiable feature? What is it a minor vector for?

A

Urban asia. Pit latrines, septic tanks.
Downwards curving proboscis.
JEV and LF (bancrofti and brugia pahangi)

54
Q

What is the distribution of culiseta and why? What does it feed on? What is a defining feature (think eggs)? Which culiseta may have roles in transmitting equine encephalitis and WNV in N america?

A

Worldwide (except south america) because it is cold tolerant.
Birds and mammals.
Bowl shaped egg raft!
Melanura.

55
Q

Describe the habits of ochlerotatus mosquitos.

A

Formerly aedes genus, throughout the worls especially tropical africa and asia, larvae in temporary water pools, day bite humans in temperate regions.
Involved in arboviral and microfilarial transmission.

Parasitology and entomology (26 decks)

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