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CUE Flashcards

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1
Q

Urbanisation

A

The process of urban growth which leads to a greater percentage of people living in towns and cities.

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2
Q

Causes of urbanisation

A

Natural increase
Rural to urban migration (push and pull)

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3
Q

What’s a mega city?

A

> 10 million population

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4
Q

What’s a meta city?

A

> 20 million population

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5
Q

World city

A

Significant global influence (financial and commercial).
Originally NYC, London and Tokyo.
Now joined by Shanghai, Beijing and Mumbai.

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6
Q

Positive characteristics of mega and world cities:

A

Produce 2 to 3 times more GDP than other cities.

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7
Q

Negative characteristics of mega and world cities:

A

62% of Mumbais population live in slum conditions.

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8
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The movement of people from living in the inner part of the city to living on the outer edges.

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9
Q

Causes of suburbanisation in Mumbai (NEE)

A

Railways connecting the north to south of Mumbai.
Physical restriction if the Island south so no choice but to move north.
Sanjay Ghandi national park - legally no building.

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10
Q

Causes of suburbanisation in NYC (HIC)

A

1950s and 60s saw substantial population growth after WW2.
1967 the NY central system railway opened.
469 subway stations opened on 24th of July 1965.

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11
Q

Effects of Suburbanisation in Mumbai

A

Navi Mumbai has apartments costing >$500,000 which economically segregates rich and poor.
Only 1/3 of Mumbai’s population live on the peninsula- 20.7 million.

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12
Q

Effects of suburbanisation in NYC

A

De-centralisation to the suburbs so less company’s paying tax. City nearly went bankrupt in 1970.
Bank would only loan to white households. Leading to segregation (whites in suburbs, non whites in city).

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13
Q

Solutions to suburbanisation

A

Affordable housing policies (rent control)

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14
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

The migration of people from major urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas.

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15
Q

Causes of counter urbanisation

A

Push and pull factors.

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16
Q

Positive effects of counter urbanisation: Penistone

A

35 million invested for new school building.
15 million invested for new shops and services (Tesco).

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17
Q

Negative effects of counter urbanisation: Penistone

A

B6462 increasingly congested.
Previously a village and now a town with 10,000 residents.

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18
Q

Solutions for counter urbanisation: Penistone

A

New housing being built (but it’s expensive - bridge end nee builds start at £475,000)

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19
Q

Urban resurgence

A

Refers to regeneration (economic and structural) of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline.

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20
Q

Why is urban resurgence needed?

A

De-industrialisation is high, unemployment in run down areas.

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21
Q

Causes of urban resurgence

A

Public private partnerships
Government schemes
Major sporting events

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22
Q

New York high line: urban resurgence

A

Increase in trucking in 1950s led to decline in railway traffic.
1980s de-industrialisation and movement of industry to suburbs caused high line to be disconnected from rest of the line.
Scheduled for demolition in 1990s

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23
Q

Regeneration of the high line

A

1999: campaign for its transformation into elevated parkway.
2004: $50 million invested by city.
Revitalised the “gritty” area of Chelsea, property prices increased by 10%

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24
Q

Criticisms of high line

A

Tourist clogged cat walk.

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25
Q

Urban change: de-industrialisation

A

Refers to loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector.

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26
Q

Urban change: de-industrialisation in Sheffield

A

50% of manufacturing jobs lost in last 40 years.
UK is still 7th world largest manufacturer.
900 hectares of derelict land and abandoned buildings left behind.
Unemployment trebled in 1980s.

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27
Q

Urban change: Decentralisation

A

the movement of shops, offices and industry away from urban centres, into retail and business parks in the suburbs.

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28
Q

Urban change: Decentralisation in Sheffield

A

Created 8,000 jobs (mainly women and PT)
Meadowhall caused a 60% decline in footfall in Sheffield CBD
Increased flooding in Lower Don Valley
Attercliffe residents had no say (47,000 jobs lost from steel)

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29
Q

Urban change: Rise of the Service Economy

A

Involves the selling of services and skills, rather than raw or manufactured goods.

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30
Q

Urban change: Rise of the Service Economy in Sheffield

A

27,000 new jobs created.
The Sheffield economy grew from £5.6 billion in 1997 to £9.2 billion in 2007.
Construction on previously run down brownfield sites has massively improved the aesthetic of the city.
Sheffield One has secured £1.2 billion of funding (70% from private sector)

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31
Q

Urban Policy

A

Refers to the strategies chosen by local or central government to manage development and reduce urban problems.

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32
Q

Gentrification

A

The renewal of an area, leading to an influx of affluent people.

33
Q

What did the urban development corporation do?

A

aimed to secure private and public expertise to redevelop the area.

34
Q

Positives of the urban development cooperation:

A

attracted over £12billion in private sector investment

35
Q

Negatives of the urban development corporation:

A

The property led approach actually did little to solve the social problems in those areas.

36
Q

What did the city challenge do?

A

a bottom up approach to community based improvements in inner city areas

37
Q

Positives of the city challenge:

A

improved over 40,000 houses, created 53,000 jobs and reclaimed 2,000 ha of derelict land.

38
Q

Negatives of the city challenge:

A

Areas which had previously received government funding based on need, no longer received funding because their bids had been unsuccessful.

39
Q

Characteristics of Megacities: Mumbai

A

Breathing air in Mumbai is the equivalent to smoking 100 cigarettes per day.
61% of residents of Mumbai are migrants. 42% of migrants are Maharashtran’s (the region where Mumbai is located).

40
Q

Characteristics of Megacities: NYC

A

New York City is aiming to be the world’s most sustainable city with its initiative #OneNYC.
More than 1 in 5 New Yorkers are international immigrants.

41
Q

Physical factors in urban forms: Mumbai (NEE)

A

The eastern coast has mangroves (swamp land) and the western coast is stony and sandy.

42
Q

Physical factors in urban forms: NYC (HIC)

A

bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in a naturally sheltered harbour.

43
Q

Human factors in urban forms: Mumbai (NEE)

A

There are 3 major highways that connect Mumbai to the mainland and to the city of Thane to the north.

44
Q

Human factors in urban forms: NYC (HIC)

A

NYC has 2 airports – LaGuardia in Queens and John F Kennedy airport in Brooklyn.

45
Q

Economic inequality

A

the wealth gap between rich and poor.

46
Q

Cultural diversity

A

The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within society.

47
Q

Diaspora

A

A group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world.

48
Q

Social segregation

A

when groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, race, religion or age.

49
Q

Issues associated with economic inequality, social segregation and cultural diversity in contrasting urban areas

A

Ethnic segregation – newly arrived migrants usually enter low paid jobs = influences where they can afford to live.
Provision of education – costs £3 a month to go to school in Mumbai.

50
Q

Strategies to manage social and economic inequalities in Mumbai

A

The Slum Redevelopment Authority is providing a first floor apartment for 220,000 registered families.

51
Q

Strategies to manage social and economic inequalities in NYC

A

In 2016 the City fought (and won) to raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour.

52
Q

What are Town Centre Mixed Developments?

A

Encouraging the development of functions other than just retailing (leisure, spaces, street entertainment, nightlife)

53
Q

Advantages of Town Centre Mixed Developments:

A

Attracting people back to the CBD revitalising it.

54
Q

Disadvantages of Town Centre Mixed Developments:

A

Seemingly only successful in larger cities.

55
Q

What are edge cities?

A

Self contained cities that have emerged beyond the city boundary and have developed as cities in their own right.

56
Q

Advantages of edge cities:

A

Full services – education, shopping malls, leisure facilities.

57
Q

Disadvantages of edge cities:

A

Result of urban sprawl. Increases congestion, building on greenbelt & social segregation

58
Q

The post-modern western city:

A

Late 20th / 21st century
Economy - no mass production anymore, economy based on the service sector.
Culture - groups distinguished by their consumption patterns e.g. young professionals = wine bars!

59
Q

Features of the post-modern western city

A

Edge cities
Deindustrialisation
Town centre mixed developments
Gentrification
Cultural diversity and segregation

60
Q

The impact of urban forms and processes on local climate and weather.

A

1) Elderly / very young increased rates of death due to heat stroke etc.
2) Hot, still anticyclone conditions keep pollution trapped in the city
3) Excessive heat puts strain on energy for cooling/air con
4) Increased water consumption
5) Pests
6) Algal blooms

61
Q

Managing the UHI: Green roofs

A

plant vegetation on the top of sky scrapers

62
Q

Managing the UHI: cool roof

A

could also be applied to cars since there are so many in a city.

63
Q

Managing the UHI: urban greening

A

Planting trees and vegetation

64
Q

Managing the UHI: streets

A

Streets could be angled perpendicular to the prevailing winds to reduce the accumulation of heat between the buildings.

65
Q

Air quality & Photo-chemical Pollution: Carbon Monoxide

A

Cause: Incomplete combustion of fuel. Road transport responsible for 90%.
Impact: Affects the transport of oxygen around the body. Headaches, nausea & fatigue

66
Q

Air quality & Photo-chemical Pollution: Particulate Matter

A

Cause: Power stations & vehicle exhausts. Pollen, sea salt, soils particles, ash.
Impact: PM10 (very tiny) can settle deep in the lungs causing health problems.

67
Q

Pollution reduction policies

A

OneNYC was a plan set out by Mayor de Blasio to enable NYC to be the most sustainable city on the planet by 2050.

68
Q

The development of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS).

A

Swales
Permeable block paving
Green roofs and bio-retention

69
Q

The environmental impacts of alternative approaches to waste disposal: recycling

A

materials reprocessed into new products.
Recycling earns $30 billion per year, from which approximately 15 million people (1% of global population) survive.
Toxic or hazardous material is often recycled in LICs despite coming from HICs, where weak environmental law can lead to environmental contamination.

70
Q

The environmental impacts of alternative approaches to waste disposal: incineration

A

waste burned at high temperatures to heat homes & businesses.
Can reduce the volume of waste by up to 90%.
Low temperature combustion leads to severe air pollution.

71
Q

Amsterdam: landfill

A

Low birth weight babies & 30% more likely to have a defect if living within 1km of landfill.
Social neg = Landfill workers were found to have a much greater incidence of illness or accidents related to their exposure to MSW (~9.5 days ill per year).

72
Q

Amsterdam: incineration

A

Additional benefit = 320,000 homes can be powered.

Social Pos = 400 employees.

73
Q

Water pollution strategies

A

NYC has 6 sewage treatment plants along the Hudson – methane that is produced is then used to power the plants. All waste is treated before it enters the river. 1972 – the Clean Water Act specifying minimum standards.

74
Q

Air pollution strategies

A

part of the OneNYC initiative: NYC Clean Fleet adding 20,000 electric vehicles & NYC Clean Heat – replacing 5,300 oil burning boilers. 1970 Clean Air Act – 36 stations that monitor air quality. By 1972 NYC had cut sulphur levels by half from their peak.

75
Q

Sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

76
Q

Sustainable cities

A

A city which provides employment, a high standard of living, a clean, healthy environment and fair governance for all its residents.

77
Q

HIC London

A

Congestion charge: Since the charge was introduced there are 65,000 fewer car trips & £1.2bn generated for TfL.
Santander Cycles: 3 million uses per year.

78
Q

NEE Rio

A

Gondola – reduced journey times by 1 hour & 14 minutes. 12,000 people per day use the system. Infant mortality declined by 25% & crime levels reduced due to police stations & clinics in stations.

Human Geography (5 decks)

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