CUE 1 - urbanisation Flashcards
State the % of people living in urban areas in: 1960, current and 2050 predicted
1960 34%
2014 54%
2050 66%
Define urbanisation
The process by which an increasing proportion of people are living in urban areas
Give the two main causes of urbanisation
Natural growth
Rural to urban migration
List the pull factors for rural to urban migrations
More opportunities for employment
Informal sector work
Better social infrastructure i.e. Hospitals
Better quality of life
Give the push factors for rural to urban migration
Over farming
Poor infrastructure
Cash crops mean traditional agricukture is unsustainable
Natural disaters
Why does rural urban migration lead to greater natural growth?
Most migrants are in their fertile years and hence have more children, 22-29 age bracket tripled in last 50 years
What is urban sprawl?
The spread of an area into the surrondinf countryside
Give some negative impacts of urban sprawl
Greater costs for infrastructure
Loss of habitat for wildlife
Traffic congestion
Loss of agricultural land means food miles increase
More impermable surfaces = more chance of flooding
What is deindustrialisation?
The process by which industry moves out of the city centre, shopping centres popup on the outskirts of cities, leads to the decline of the central buisness district
The urban issue of housing shortages leads to what problem?
Informal or squatter settlements
Give reason why squatter settlements are often found on the edge of a city, give the problems this can cause
Land value is low
Because it is potentially dangerous and pollution is high
How many people are living in slum housing right now? Why is this figure inaccurate?
863 million
Inaccurate because no cenus of informal accomidation
Identify describe and evaluate three stratagies for dealing with slum housing.
1) remove slum, simply knock it down, bad as simply moves problem elsewhere
2) self help schemes, provide the slum dwellers with materials and give legal ownership, allows higher quakity of infrastructure to build up, health improves with better sanitation
3) slum upgrade, NGO’s e.g. Shack dwellers international, allows people to learn how to improve their own environment, focus on secruing rights, again better health etc
Outline as many facts about tower of david caracas venezula as you can relating to housing shortage as an urban issue
2007 skyscraper mid construction was occupied by squatters
5000 occupants
Gyms hair dressers built
Electrcity and water avaliable
Own government like system,
But expected to be very highly gang related i.e. Drug trafficking
What are the consequences of poor waste disposal within an urban area?
Congestion, water pollution (via leaching), and disease spreading
Give an example of how the people of nairobi limit the amount of waste
Old car tyres turned into shoes
Why does rapid urban growth lead to more unemployment?
More pressure on the supply of jobs
Why does undermployment increase as a result of urban growth ?
Because many migrants take jobs in higher skilled work thus reducing the avaliability, therefore people work in jobs that require qulifications less than that of their own
What five issues are associated with urbanisation?
1) urban sprawl
2) housing shortages
3) lack of waste disposal
4) unemployment
5) transport issues
What is suburbansation?
Movement of people from the inner city to living on the outer edges of cities
Spanning from 1930s till 1980s give breif timeline of suburbanisation
1930s - ribbon developement, houses are built alongside main roads
1940s green belts invented due to growing concern at growth rate
1950s and 60s green belts built upon
1980s idea of the “leafy suburbs becomes more popular hence more suburbanisation
Give two negatives of suburbanisation
High cost of commuting and higher house prices, mean only the wealthy leave. = social segregation
Funding is diverted away from the inner city more to the suburbs leads to less money for the cbd
What is counter urbanisation?
The movement of people from urban areas into smaller rural settlements leap frogging the rural urban fringe
What are the causes of counterurbanisation?
Desire to escape city living e.g. Pollution and crime
Rural idol
More car ownerships lead to greater mobility
Technology improves meaning more people can work from home
What are the structural effects of counter urbanisation?
Modern housing built = sense of place changed
Small industrial estates built
Green spaces built on
Renovation of agricultural buildings
Give two causes of conflict in suburbanised villages
Local shoos close, new comers can afford to commute to city to get food
Forces younger local generation out, as house prices rise, changes the demographic
What is urban resurgance?
The economic and structural regeneration of an urban area, ater facing decline
What are the causes of urban resurgence?
Gentrification
Deindustrialied places re invent themselves
Formation if fashionable quarters
Governement shemes e.g. London olympics
What is the main benefit of urban resurgence?
The multiplier effect
What are the disadvantages of urban resurgence?
Displacement of low income people
Greater inequality socially
What is the dead heart syndrome?
Where parts of inner city detroit faced severe decline and deindustrialisation
Give some facts about the new york city high line as am example of urban resurgence
1.5 mile rail track renivated into a park
Artists displayed their work, attracts 5 million people annually
Multiplier effecf of nearby businesses
