CTL

Question 1

Names the steps of mitosis, in order

Answer 1

1. G1
2. S
3. G2
4. Prophase
5. Metaphase
6. Anaphase
7. Telophase
8. Cytokinesis

Question 2

What are the 6 types of epithelia?

Answer 2

Simple, Simple Cubodial, Simple Columnar, Stratified (squamous), Pseudostratified (columnar), transitional

Question 3

What are the functions and location of simple squamous epithelia?

Answer 3

Functions: diffusion and filtration

Present in: kidneys, blood vessels, serosae, lining of heart

Question 4

What are the functions and location of simple columnar epithelia?

Answer 4

Functions: absorption and secretion

Present in: Digestive tract and gallbladder, urine tubes and some regions of the uterus

Question 5

What are the functions and location of simple cuboidal epithelia?

Answer 5

Functions: secretion and absorption

Present in: kidneys, ducts and secretory of small glands, and ovary surface

Question 6

What are the functions and location of stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 6

Functions: Protection

Present in: external part of the skins epidermis, lining of oesophagus, mouth and vagina

Question 7

What are the functions and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

Answer 7

Functions: secretion and propulsion of mucus

Present in: male sperm carrying ducts and trachea

Question 8

Mitochondria is?

Answer 8

the powerhouse of the cell

Question 9

What does the Rough ER do?

Answer 9

Synthesizes proteins for secretion

Question 10

Smooth ER is?

Answer 10

Site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Detoxifies both drugs and alcohol

Question 11

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 11

modifies new proteins for lysosomes, secretion and plasma membrane

Question 12

What does the lysosomes do?

Answer 12

Digest things that enter cell by endocytosis. Digests remains after cell death. Remove and recycle bad organelles and cell components

Question 13

Cytoskeleton is?

Answer 13

structural support to cell. Cell division. assists motility and cytosol streaming

Question 14

Aetiology is?

Answer 14

causes

- two classes: genetic and acquried

Question 15

Pathogensis is?

Answer 15

sequence of cellular, biochemical and molecular events that occur after exposure of cells or tissues to an injurious agent

Question 16

Morphological changes are?

Answer 16

structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of aetiologic process

Question 17

Functional abnormalities are?

Answer 17

End results of genetic, biochemical and structural changes in cells and tissues.

Lead to clinical manifestations

Question 18

Clinical manifestations are?

Answer 18

the functional consequence of functional abnormality changes

Question 19

How do cells respond to stress?

Answer 19

• normally maintain homeostasis
• adaption
• cell injury
  however injury can be reversible, but in some cases irreversible

Question 20

What are the 2 types of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 20

necrosis and apoptosis

Question 21

What are the types of cellular adaptions?

Answer 21

Physiological (hormones and endogenous chemical mediators) and pathological (structure and function)

Question 22

Hypertrophy is?

Answer 22

increase of cell size = increase of organ size

• occurs when cells are incapable of dividing
• occurs due to increased production of cellular proteins

Question 23

Hyperplasia is?

Answer 23

• increase in number of cells
• adaptive response in cells capable of replication
• physiological: occurs when a portion of the tissue is removed
• Pathological: caused by excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

Question 24

Atrophy is?

Answer 24

• decrease in cell size = decrease in organ size
• causes include: aging, decreased work load, loss of innervation, decreased blood supply, inadequate nutrition and loss of endocrine stimulation

Question 25

Metaplasia is?

Answer 25

• Reversible change in which one cell type is replaced by another
• sensitive cells are replaced with better ones that can withstand stress

Question 26

What are the 2 intrinsic systems that make up the immune system?

Answer 26

Innate: first and second line of defense (external body and mucus)
Adaptive: third line of defense (attacks foreign substances)

Question 27

What are the physical and chemical defenses used by the skin and mucous membranes?

Answer 27

Physical: skin, mucous, tears, saliva, urine flow, vomiting
Chemical: sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice

Question 28

What are the types of internal defenses?

Answer 28

antimicrobial proteins, cells, inflammation and fever

Question 29

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 29

cellular (T cells) and humoral (B cells)

Question 30

What does the Sodium Potassium pump do?

Answer 30

maintains the Na and K concentration gradietns

Question 31

What is a passive channel?

Answer 31

a membrane ion channel that is always open

Question 32

what is a chemically gated channel?

Answer 32

a channel opened by binding of specific neurotransmitter

Question 33

What is a voltage gated channel?

Answer 33

Opens and closes in response to MP

Question 34

What is a mechanically gated channel?

Answer 34

Opens and closes in response to physical deformation of receptors

Question 35

What is the balance of Na and K in and around cells?

Answer 35

Na+ is higher concentrated outside than inside the cell

K+ is higher concentrated inside than outside of the cell