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Anatomy > Cter 2: Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Cter 2: Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common major elements?

A

Oxygen (most common), carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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2
Q

Significance of oxygen

A

Part of h2o, many organic molecules, used to generate atp, temporarily store chemical energy

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3
Q

Significance of carbon

A

Backbone of chains and rings in all organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleus acids

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4
Q

Significance of hydrogen

A

Water, most organic molecules, makes bodily fluids more acidic

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5
Q

Significance of nitrogen

A

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

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6
Q

Significance of calcium

A

Provides structure , blood clotting

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7
Q

What forms chemical bonds, stores energy in bonds, and exists in orbitals

A

Electrons

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8
Q

How to find atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Number of protons = number of electrons

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9
Q

How to find mass number

A

Number of protons + number of neutrons in an atom

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10
Q

How to find atomic weight/mass

A

Weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes

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11
Q

Isotope definition

A

Same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons. Different mass number

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12
Q

Are radioisotopes more or less stable than isotopes

A

More unstable and decay to more stable isotope forms by releasing energy

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13
Q

Ion definition

A

Atom has lost if gained electrons to become more stable

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14
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion. Ion loses electrons. Na+

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15
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charges ion. Atom gains electrons. Cl-

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16
Q

Free radical

A

Atom or atoms with unpaired electrons in outermost shell. Can damage tissues

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17
Q

Common ions: bicarbonate ion

A

HCO3 -

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18
Q

Common ions: sulfate

A

SO4 2-

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19
Q

Common ions: phosphate

A

PO4 3-

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20
Q

Common ions: ammonium

A

NH4 +

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21
Q

Common ions: magnesium

A

Mg2+

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22
Q

Molecule definition

A

2+ atoms sharing electrons. O2

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23
Q

Compound definition

A

A substance that can be broken down into 2+ different elements. C6H12O6

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24
Q

When is an atom stable

A

When the outermost shell is full

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25
Q

Ionic bond

A

Cation and anion. Electrons transferred from one atom to the next

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26
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms share electrons. Bonds are polar (bonds shared equally) and non polar (bonds shared unequally)

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27
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Attraction if oppositely charged polar molecules or parts of molecules. Very weak. Surface tension of water.

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28
Q

How to break hydrogen bonds. Change the shape of a protein.

A

Change in temp or pH

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29
Q

Reversible reaction

A

Products can revert back to original reactants

30
Q

Oxidation reduction reaction

A

Transfer of electrons between atoms and molecules.

31
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. Enzymes act as a catalyst for rxn and decreases amount of energy needed to start a rxn

32
Q

Biochemistry definition

A

Study if chemical composition and reactions of living matter

33
Q

Which one of the major elements is not typically in inorganic compounds

A

Carbon. Except CO2, CO

34
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water soluble. Likes water

35
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water insoluble. Dislikes water.

36
Q

Dehydration synthesis rxn

A

Water removed to make bonds. Monomers joined by removal of OH from one monomer and H from other at site of bond

37
Q

Hydrolysis rxn

A

Water added to break bonds. Add OH to one monomer and H to other

38
Q

Give an example of water as a lubricant

A

Joints, serous membranes

39
Q

Electrolytes

A

Release ions in water and conduct electricity

40
Q

Acids

A

Release hydrogen ions (H+) in water proton donor

41
Q

Bases

A

Release ions (OH-) that can combine with hydrogen ions. Proton acceptor

42
Q

Salts

A

Electrolytes that dissociate in water that aren’t H+ or OH-

43
Q

Neutral pH

A

7

44
Q

Acidic pH

A

<7

45
Q

Basic

A

pH >7

46
Q

Buffers

A

Help maintain homeostasis by converting strong acids/bases into weak acids/bases

47
Q

Hydroxyl

A

OH-

48
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

-SH

49
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

-COOH

50
Q

Ester

A

O=C-O

51
Q

Amino

A

-NH

52
Q

Carbohydrates

A

C, H, O. Hydrogen and oxygen in 2:1 ratio. Quickest source of energy. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

53
Q

Lipids

A

C, H, O. Sometimes P. Hydrophobic. Energy storage, insulation, protection.

54
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Single covalent bonds. Tightly packed linear molecukes

55
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Double bonds. Kink or bend so can’t pack close together.

56
Q

Phospholipid

A

Head is polar and hydrophilic, tail is non polar and hydrophobic. Cell membrane structure

57
Q

Steroids

A

Four interlocking ring structures. Cholesterol.

58
Q

Proteins

A

C, H, O, N. sometimes P, S. polymers of amino acid monomers held by peptide bonds. Four structural levels

59
Q

Amino acid bonds

A

Joined by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

60
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

Polypeptide chain. Amino acid sequence

61
Q

Secondary structure protein

A

Beta pleated sheet. Twisting and folding of neighboring amino acids, stabilized by hydrogen bonds

62
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Alpha helix. Three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain

63
Q

Quaternary structure protein

A

Arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains

64
Q

Enzymes

A

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts. Specific, efficient, regulated by cellular controls

65
Q

How do enzymes bind

A

Lock and key. Substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Enzyme catalyzes the reaction and turns subtrate into products. After rxn enzyme is unchanged

66
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Made of C, H, O, N,and P held together by hydrogen bonds

67
Q

DNA

A

genetic blueprint for all the synthesis of all proteins. Double stranded helix in cells nucleus

68
Q

RNA

A

links DNA to protein synthesis. Single strand mostly outside of nucleus

69
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

70
Q

ATP

A

Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down. RNA nucleotide with two extra phosphate groups

Anatomy (4 decks)

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