Cter 2: Chemical Level Of Organization

Question 1

What are the most common major elements?

Answer 1

Oxygen (most common), carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 2

Significance of oxygen

Answer 2

Part of h2o, many organic molecules, used to generate atp, temporarily store chemical energy

Question 3

Significance of carbon

Answer 3

Backbone of chains and rings in all organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleus acids

Question 4

Significance of hydrogen

Answer 4

Water, most organic molecules, makes bodily fluids more acidic

Question 5

Significance of nitrogen

Answer 5

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

Question 6

Significance of calcium

Answer 6

Provides structure , blood clotting

Question 7

What forms chemical bonds, stores energy in bonds, and exists in orbitals

Answer 7

Electrons

Question 8

How to find atomic number

Answer 8

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Number of protons = number of electrons

Question 9

How to find mass number

Answer 9

Number of protons + number of neutrons in an atom

Question 10

How to find atomic weight/mass

Answer 10

Weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes

Question 11

Isotope definition

Answer 11

Same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons. Different mass number

Question 12

Are radioisotopes more or less stable than isotopes

Answer 12

More unstable and decay to more stable isotope forms by releasing energy

Question 13

Ion definition

Answer 13

Atom has lost if gained electrons to become more stable

Question 14

Cation

Answer 14

Positively charged ion. Ion loses electrons. Na+

Question 15

Anion

Answer 15

Negatively charges ion. Atom gains electrons. Cl-

Question 16

Free radical

Answer 16

Atom or atoms with unpaired electrons in outermost shell. Can damage tissues

Question 17

Common ions: bicarbonate ion

Answer 17

HCO3 -

Question 18

Common ions: sulfate

Answer 18

SO4 2-

Question 19

Common ions: phosphate

Answer 19

PO4 3-

Question 20

Common ions: ammonium

Answer 20

NH4 +

Question 21

Common ions: magnesium

Answer 21

Mg2+

Question 22

Molecule definition

Answer 22

2+ atoms sharing electrons. O2

Question 23

Compound definition

Answer 23

A substance that can be broken down into 2+ different elements. C6H12O6

Question 24

When is an atom stable

Answer 24

When the outermost shell is full

Question 25

Ionic bond

Answer 25

Cation and anion. Electrons transferred from one atom to the next

Question 26

Covalent bond

Answer 26

Atoms share electrons. Bonds are polar (bonds shared equally) and non polar (bonds shared unequally)

Question 27

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 27

Attraction if oppositely charged polar molecules or parts of molecules. Very weak. Surface tension of water.

Question 28

How to break hydrogen bonds. Change the shape of a protein.

Answer 28

Change in temp or pH

Question 29

Reversible reaction

Answer 29

Products can revert back to original reactants

Question 30

Oxidation reduction reaction

Answer 30

Transfer of electrons between atoms and molecules.

Question 31

Activation energy

Answer 31

Energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. Enzymes act as a catalyst for rxn and decreases amount of energy needed to start a rxn

Question 32

Biochemistry definition

Answer 32

Study if chemical composition and reactions of living matter

Question 33

Which one of the major elements is not typically in inorganic compounds

Answer 33

Carbon. Except CO2, CO

Question 34

Hydrophilic

Answer 34

Water soluble. Likes water

Question 35

Hydrophobic

Answer 35

Water insoluble. Dislikes water.

Question 36

Dehydration synthesis rxn

Answer 36

Water removed to make bonds. Monomers joined by removal of OH from one monomer and H from other at site of bond

Question 37

Hydrolysis rxn

Answer 37

Water added to break bonds. Add OH to one monomer and H to other

Question 38

Give an example of water as a lubricant

Answer 38

Joints, serous membranes

Question 39

Electrolytes

Answer 39

Release ions in water and conduct electricity

Question 40

Acids

Answer 40

Release hydrogen ions (H+) in water proton donor

Question 41

Bases

Answer 41

Release ions (OH-) that can combine with hydrogen ions. Proton acceptor

Question 42

Salts

Answer 42

Electrolytes that dissociate in water that aren’t H+ or OH-

Question 43

Neutral pH

Answer 43

7

Question 44

Acidic pH

Answer 44

<7

Question 45

Basic

Answer 45

pH >7

Question 46

Buffers

Answer 46

Help maintain homeostasis by converting strong acids/bases into weak acids/bases

Question 47

Hydroxyl

Answer 47

OH-

Question 48

Sulfhydryl

Answer 48

-SH

Question 49

Carboxylic acid

Answer 49

-COOH

Question 50

Ester

Answer 50

O=C-O

Question 51

Amino

Answer 51

-NH

Question 52

Carbohydrates

Answer 52

C, H, O. Hydrogen and oxygen in 2:1 ratio. Quickest source of energy. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 53

Lipids

Answer 53

C, H, O. Sometimes P. Hydrophobic. Energy storage, insulation, protection.

Question 54

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 54

Single covalent bonds. Tightly packed linear molecukes

Question 55

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 55

Double bonds. Kink or bend so can’t pack close together.

Question 56

Phospholipid

Answer 56

Head is polar and hydrophilic, tail is non polar and hydrophobic. Cell membrane structure

Question 57

Steroids

Answer 57

Four interlocking ring structures. Cholesterol.

Question 58

Proteins

Answer 58

C, H, O, N. sometimes P, S. polymers of amino acid monomers held by peptide bonds. Four structural levels

Question 59

Amino acid bonds

Answer 59

Joined by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

Question 60

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 60

Polypeptide chain. Amino acid sequence

Question 61

Secondary structure protein

Answer 61

Beta pleated sheet. Twisting and folding of neighboring amino acids, stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 62

Tertiary structure

Answer 62

Alpha helix. Three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain

Question 63

Quaternary structure protein

Answer 63

Arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains

Question 64

Enzymes

Answer 64

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts. Specific, efficient, regulated by cellular controls

Question 65

How do enzymes bind

Answer 65

Lock and key. Substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Enzyme catalyzes the reaction and turns subtrate into products. After rxn enzyme is unchanged

Question 66

Nucleic acids

Answer 66

Made of C, H, O, N,and P held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 67

DNA

Answer 67

genetic blueprint for all the synthesis of all proteins. Double stranded helix in cells nucleus

Question 68

RNA

Answer 68

links DNA to protein synthesis. Single strand mostly outside of nucleus

Question 69

3 types of RNA

Answer 69

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 70

ATP

Answer 70

Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down. RNA nucleotide with two extra phosphate groups