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Anatomy > Chapter 3: Protein Synthesis And Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Protein Synthesis And Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that codes for one protein. Exons part of gene that codes for amino acids. Introns non coding segments

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2
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes

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3
Q

Nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. Uracil in RNA

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4
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur

A

In the nucleus

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5
Q

Three types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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6
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

In the nucleus. Genetic info encoded in DNA, copied to strand if mRNA, mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus

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7
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Outside the nucleus at ribosomes. mRNA to polypeptide then to 3d protein

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8
Q

tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to ribosome. Anticodon

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9
Q

What are the two major phases in the cell cycle

A

Interphase - cell growth, cell continues normal activities
Cell division (mitotic phase) - cell divide
A

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10
Q

Interphase

A

Nuclear matter in chromatin state, DNA must be duplicated

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11
Q

What stage is helicase present in

A

Interphase during dna replication. Unwinds dna helicases. In semi conservative replication dna polymerase adds nucleotides to form both new strands lagging and leading

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12
Q

Which cells don’t divide efficiently

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and nerve. Damaged cells get replaced with scar tissue.

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13
Q

Which cells cannot divide and why

A

Red blood cells because they don’t have a nucleus

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14
Q

What are the two distinct events of the mitotic phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis. 2 sets of chromosomes distributed into 2 separate nuclei.

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15
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase (chromatin to chromosomes, centrioles pull chromosomes apart to opposite sides)
Metaphase (centromeres of chromosomes line at metaphase plate)
Anaphase (separate copies, start to furrow)
Telophase( two identical cells)

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16
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin to chromosomes. Nuclear membrane dissolve. Centrosome to opp. Side

17
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres of chromosomes split. Sister chromatids move to opposite poles

18
Q

Metaphase

A

Centromeres of chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

19
Q

Telophase

A

Mitotic spindle dissolves. Chromosomes regain chromatin appearance. New nuclear membrane

20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cleavage furrow. Cytoplasm of parent cell fully splits. Interphase begins after

21
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death, normal. When cells are old or worn out. An be triggered by immune system

22
Q

Necrosis

A

Abnormal cell death, irreversible. Cell injury, decreased blood flow, decreased oxygen levels. Adjacent cells can be damaged from bursts

23
Q

Three possible destinies of cells

A

Remain functioning and no divide
Grow and divide
Die

24
Q

Go signals for cell division

A

Critical to surface to volume ratio of cell chemical,s

25
Q

Stop signals for cell division

A

Availability of space. Normal cells stop dividing when they contact other cells

26
Q

When does unregulated cell division occur

A

Cancer

27
Q

Meiosis

A

Only in gonads. Sexual reproduction. Reduces number of chromosomes in gametes by half so the zygote dos t end up with twice chromosomes

28
Q

Haploid

A

Single set of chromosomes. 23 in humans. Occurs in gametes, only one member of each homologous pair sorry and eggs are haploid

29
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes, 46 in humans. Sperm plus egg is zygote which is diploid

30
Q

Homologous pair of chromosomes

A

Look alike and carry same genes for same traits

31
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Each duplicated chromosome from interphase has two sister chromatids thatre identical and joined by centromere

32
Q

No sister chromatids

A

Exchange dna with each other crossing over, during prophase one in meiosis, increases genetic variability

33
Q

How many haploid cells result from meiosis

A

4 haploid

34
Q

Meiosis one

A

Chromosomes from 2n to n. Crossing over in prophase one, at end each cell has half the number of chromosomes but each chromosome still has two sister chromatids which is double dna

35
Q

Meiosis two

A

Separation of sister chromatids of chromosomes. Chromosomes not replicated before. Haploid not diploid.

36
Q

What happens to cells as we age

A

Cells deteriorate in ability to function normally and respond to stress. Responses slow or ineffective. Number decreases. Lose integrity of extracellular components. Accumulation. Of free radicals and other toxins

Anatomy (4 decks)

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