Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structure of body parts
Physiology
The study of the function of body parts
Sign
Objective indicator, can be seen or measured. Ex) fever, BP, coughing
Symptom
Subjective indicator, feelings described by the patient. Ex) nausea, pain, fatigue
Structural org. Of the body
Chemical level (atoms, molecules, organelles), cellular level (single cell), tissue level (groups of similar cells), organ level (two+ types of tissues), organ system level (organs that work together), organism Al level (all organ systems combined to make the whole organism)
Integumentary major organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Integumentary major functions
Protect tissues, regulate body temp, support sensory receptors
Skeletal system major organs
Bones, ligaments, cartilages
Skeletal major functions
Framework, protect soft tissue, attachment for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts
Muscular major organs
Muscles
Muscular major functions
Causes movements, maintain posture, produce body heat
Nervous system major organs
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Nervous system major functions
Detect changes, receive and interpret sensory info, stimulate muscles and glands
Endocrine major organs
Glands that secret hormones
Endocrine major functions
Control metabolic activities of body structures
Cardiovascular major organs
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
Cardiovascular major functions
Move blood through blood vessels and transport substances through bidy
Lymphatic major organs
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Lymphatic major functions
Return tissue through blood vessels and transport substances throughout body
Digestive major organs
Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
Digestive major functions
Receive, breakdown, and absorb food, eliminate unabsorbed material
Respiratory major organs
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Respiratory major functions
Intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood
Urinary major organs
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Urinary major functions
Removes waste from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and transport urine
Reproductive major organs
Male: scritum, testes, Lenin’s, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
Reproductive major functions
Produce and maintain egg cells, receive spermicide cells, support development of embryo and function in birth process
Requirements for life
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
Homeostatic controls
Nervous and endocrine systems. 3 components: receptor (sensor), control center (decision), effector (avtion)
Homeostatic controls: receptor
Monitors environment and responds to stimuli
Homeostatic controls: control center
Decision about how to go back to normal. Determines set point at which var. is maintained. Receives input from recept
Homeostatic controls: effector
Action. Receives info from control center. Provides response that reduces stimulus (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)
Negative feedback
Reduces or shits off original stimulus, var changes in opposite direction of initial change. Most common feedback mech in the body.
Example of neg. feedback: high BP
Stimulus = high BP
Sensor = baroreceptor (aorta and cortical)
Control center = brain stem (cardiovascular centers <120/80
Effectors = blood vesicles respond with vasodilation and heart rate lowers
Positive feedback
Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. Can be very unstable because moving away from homeostasis
Example of positive feedback
Uterine contractions during labor. Blood clotting
Anatomical position
Standing with feet slightly apart, face forward, palms forward
Superior
Toward head
Inferior
Away from head
Anterior
To front of body
Posterior
To back of body
Medial
Nearer to midline
Lateral
Farther from midline
Intermediate
Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On same side of bidy
Contra lateral
On opposite side of body
Proximal
Closer to trunk
Distal
Further from trunk
Superficial
Closer to body’s surface
Deep
Away from body’s surface
Frontal plane
Anterior and posterior
Transverse plane
Superior and inferior
Parasagittal plane
Cut was off centered
Midsagittal plane
Cute was on midline
Sagittal plane
Divides body vertically into left and right
Oblique plane
At an angle
Serous membranes
Thin double layered membranes that cover the viscera within thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Visceral layer: in contact with the outer organ surface
Parietal later: in contact with the wall of the cavity
Serous membranes in the thoracic cavity
Pleura: surround lungs
Pericardium: surrounds heart
Mediastinum: connective tissue that surrounds other thoracic organs
Serous membranes of the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum: surrounds abdominal organs
