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Mineralogy > Crystal Chemistry > Flashcards

Crystal Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The study of atomic structure, physical properties, and chemical composition of crystalline material.

A

Crystal Chemistry

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2
Q

Most abundant elements from 1 to 8

A

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium

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3
Q

Minute building blocks of all matter, including minerals, that cannot be chemically split.

A

Atom

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4
Q

A small, positively-charged central region of an atom.

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Positively-charged particle

A

Proton

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6
Q

Neutrally-charged particle

A

Neutron

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7
Q

Negatively-charged particle

A

Electron

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8
Q

A vastly larger, mostly “empty” region of an atom where electrons move in orbitals around the nucleus.

A

Electron cloud

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9
Q

Electrons found on the outermost region in the electron cloud that is free to interact with other atoms to form chemical bonds.

A

Valence Electron

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10
Q

A substance whose atoms are characterized by having the same number of atoms.

A

Element

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11
Q

Atoms of the same element that possess different atomic mass numbers.

A

Isotope

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12
Q

Isotopes that possess stable nuclei, retaining the same number of protons and neutrons over time.

A

Stable Isotopes

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13
Q

Isotopes that possess unstable nuclei, whose nuclear configuration tend to be spontaneously transformed by radioactive decay.

A

Radioactive Isotopes

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14
Q

Charged Atoms crave?

A

Stability

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15
Q

Explain octet rule

A

Atoms tend to gain or lose or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.

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16
Q

The transfer or sharing of electrons to attain the complete eight valence electrons

A

Chemical Bond

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17
Q

Atoms that possess an electrical charge due to the loss or gain of an electron.

A

Ions

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18
Q

Positively charged ions

A

Cation

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19
Q

Negatively charged ions

A

Anion

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20
Q

5 types of bonding

A

Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Metallic Bond
Van der Waals Bond
Hydrogen Bond

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21
Q

One atom gives up one or more of its valence electrons to another to form ions.

A

Ionic Bonding

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22
Q

Mineral Characteristics of Ionic Bonding and give a mineral

A

Variable Hardness
Brittle at room temp
Quite soluble in polar substances
Intermediate melting temp
Translucent to transparent

Mineral: Halite

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23
Q

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms.

A

Covalent Bonding

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24
Q

Mineral Characteristics of Covalent Bonding and give a mineral

A

Hard and brittle at room temp
Insoluble in polar substances
Crystallize from melts
Mod to high melting temp
Translucent to transparent

Mineral: Diamond

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25
Valence electrons shared between atoms are free to move from one atom to another, accounting for a high electrical conductivity
Metallic Bonding
26
Mineral Characteristics of Metallic Bonding and give a mineral
Fairly soft to mod. hard Plastic, malleable and ductile. Excellent electrical and thermal conductors High specific gravity Opaque Mineral: Gold
27
Forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms, molecules, and surfaces, created by weak bonding of oppositely depolarized electron clouds, and commonly occurs around covalently bonded elements.
Van Der Waals Bonding
28
Mineral Characteristics of Van Der Waals Bonding and give a mineral
Soft. Poor conductors. Low melting points. Low crystal symmetry. Mineral: Graphite
29
Weak bond between 2 molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one, and an electron in another.
Hydrogen Bonding
30
Mineral Characteristics of Hydrogen Bonding and give a mineral
Occurs in hydrated or hydroxyl minerals. Mineral: Ice
31
Rank the 5 types of bonding on strength
Covalent Ionic Metallic Hydrogen Van der Waals
32
The process of one ion replacing another ion due to its availability in the environment while the mineral is forming, and occurs due to an ion having a similar size and a similar charge.
Atomic Substitution
33
Explain Simple Complete Substitution and give a mineral
A type of substitution that exists when two or more ions of similar radius and the same charge substitute for one another in a coordination site in any proportions. - Olivine
34
Explain Coupled Ionic Substitution and give a mineral
A type of substitution that involves the simultaneous substitution of ions of different charges in two different structural sites. Plagioclase Feldspar
35
Explain Limited Ionic Substitution and give an example
A type of substitution that exists between end-member components of a solid solution series due to ions of substantially different sizes limiting the amount of substitution. Calcite to Magnesite
36
A branch of mineralogy that studies the long-range order or crystal structure of crystalline substances.
Crystallography
37
Flat surfaces enclosing a crystal that are formed when enclosed minerals stop growing.
Crystal Faces
38
Smallest unit of pattern, that when repeated by a set of symmetry operations, will generate the long-range pattern characteristic of the crystal; Set of atoms arranged in a specific way.
Motif
39
A point used to represent any motif
Node
40
The repetition of these fundamental units of pattern with long-range order.
Symmetry Operations
41
2 types of symmetry operations
Simple symmetry compound symmetry
42
A periodic repetition of nodes in a systematic, linear displacement.
Translation
43
A specific length and direction of systematic displacement by which the pattern repeats.
Unit Translation Vector (t)
44
A form of translation defined by two-unit translation vectors: ta and tb, or t1 and t2
Two-dimension 2D
45
is a two-dimensional array of pattern of nodes generated by the two-dimensional translation. (also called Plane Mesh)
Plane Lattice
46
A form of translation defined by two-unit translation vectors: ta , tb and t1 , t2 and t3.
Three-dimension Translation
47
A three dimensional array of pattern of nodes generated by the two dimensional translation.
Space Lattice
48
The resulting array of motifs of crystalline substances.
Crystal Lattice
49
A perfectly repetition of patterns in a complete 360°rotation around an axis of rotation.
Rotation (n)
50
An imaginary line or axis where a pattern of nodes rotate around.
Axis of Rotation
51
A form of symmetry operation in which every component of a pattern is repeated by reflection through a mirror plane.
Reflection (m)
52
An imaginary line or axis where a pattern of nodes rotate around.
Mirror Plane
53
The repetition of motifs by inverting them through a center called center of inversion.
Inversion (i)
54
A point where the “image” of the motif is inverted through.
Center of Inversion
55
The combination of translation with reflection across a mirror plane, producing a glide plane.
Glide Reflection
56
The combination of translation with reflection across a mirror plane, producing a glide plane.
Rotoinversion (n-)
57
The combination of translation parallel to an axis with rotation about the axis.
Screw Rotation (na)
58
Two-dimensional motifs that are consistent with the generation of long-range, two dimensional arrays.
Plane Point Group
59
The smallest units of plane lattice which contain at least one node and the unit translation vectors. It contains all the information necessary to produce the only larger two-dimensional pattern.
Unit Mesh
60
A set of 17 plane lattice groups formed through the combination of the 10 plane point groups and 5 unit meshes.
Plane Lattice Groups
61
Three-dimensional equivalents of two-dimensional equivalents plane point groups.
Space Point Group
62
The 32 three-dimensional motif symmetries defined by the arrangement of the space point groups.
Crystal Classes
63
A set of imaginary orientations used to describe the direction of a crystal’s propagation.
Crystallographic Axes
64
A classification of minerals based on the relative measurement of their unit edges (a, b, and c), and the angles between them (α, β, and γ).
Crystal Systems
65
6 Crystal Systems
Isometric/Cubic Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Triclinic Hexagonal Rhombohedral/Trigonal

Mineralogy (19 decks)

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