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Mineralogy > Crystal Chemistry > Flashcards

Crystal Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The study of atomic structure, physical properties, and chemical composition of crystalline material.

A

Crystal Chemistry

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2
Q

Most abundant elements from 1 to 8

A

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium

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3
Q

Minute building blocks of all matter, including minerals, that cannot be chemically split.

A

Atom

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4
Q

A small, positively-charged central region of an atom.

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Positively-charged particle

A

Proton

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6
Q

Neutrally-charged particle

A

Neutron

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7
Q

Negatively-charged particle

A

Electron

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8
Q

A vastly larger, mostly “empty” region of an atom where electrons move in orbitals around the nucleus.

A

Electron cloud

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9
Q

Electrons found on the outermost region in the electron cloud that is free to interact with other atoms to form chemical bonds.

A

Valence Electron

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10
Q

A substance whose atoms are characterized by having the same number of atoms.

A

Element

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11
Q

Atoms of the same element that possess different atomic mass numbers.

A

Isotope

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12
Q

Isotopes that possess stable nuclei, retaining the same number of protons and neutrons over time.

A

Stable Isotopes

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13
Q

Isotopes that possess unstable nuclei, whose nuclear configuration tend to be spontaneously transformed by radioactive decay.

A

Radioactive Isotopes

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14
Q

Charged Atoms crave?

A

Stability

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15
Q

Explain octet rule

A

Atoms tend to gain or lose or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.

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16
Q

The transfer or sharing of electrons to attain the complete eight valence electrons

A

Chemical Bond

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17
Q

Atoms that possess an electrical charge due to the loss or gain of an electron.

A

Ions

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18
Q

Positively charged ions

A

Cation

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19
Q

Negatively charged ions

A

Anion

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20
Q

5 types of bonding

A

Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Metallic Bond
Van der Waals Bond
Hydrogen Bond

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21
Q

One atom gives up one or more of its valence electrons to another to form ions.

A

Ionic Bonding

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22
Q

Mineral Characteristics of Ionic Bonding and give a mineral

A

Variable Hardness
Brittle at room temp
Quite soluble in polar substances
Intermediate melting temp
Translucent to transparent

Mineral: Halite

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23
Q

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms.

A

Covalent Bonding

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24
Q

Mineral Characteristics of Covalent Bonding and give a mineral

A

Hard and brittle at room temp
Insoluble in polar substances
Crystallize from melts
Mod to high melting temp
Translucent to transparent

Mineral: Diamond

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25
Q

Valence electrons shared between atoms are free to move from one atom to another, accounting for a high electrical conductivity

A

Metallic Bonding

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26
Q

Mineral Characteristics of Metallic Bonding and give a mineral

A

Fairly soft to mod. hard
Plastic, malleable and ductile.
Excellent electrical and thermal conductors
High specific gravity
Opaque

Mineral: Gold

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27
Q

Forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms, molecules, and surfaces, created by weak bonding of oppositely depolarized electron clouds, and commonly occurs around covalently bonded elements.

A

Van Der Waals Bonding

28
Q

Mineral Characteristics of Van Der Waals Bonding and give a mineral

A

Soft.
Poor conductors.
Low melting points.
Low crystal symmetry.

Mineral: Graphite

29
Q

Weak bond between 2 molecules resulting from an electrostatic
attraction between a proton in one, and an electron in another.

A

Hydrogen Bonding

30
Q

Mineral Characteristics of Hydrogen Bonding and give a mineral

A

Occurs in hydrated or hydroxyl minerals.

Mineral: Ice

31
Q

Rank the 5 types of bonding on strength

A

Covalent
Ionic
Metallic
Hydrogen
Van der Waals

32
Q

The process of one ion replacing another ion due to its
availability in the environment while the mineral is forming, and occurs due to an ion having a similar size and a similar charge.

A

Atomic Substitution

33
Q

Explain Simple Complete Substitution and give a mineral

A

A type of substitution that exists when two or more ions of
similar radius and the same charge substitute for one another in a coordination site in any proportions. - Olivine

34
Q

Explain Coupled Ionic Substitution and give a mineral

A

A type of substitution that involves the simultaneous substitution of ions of different charges in two different structural sites.
Plagioclase Feldspar

35
Q

Explain Limited Ionic Substitution and give an example

A

A type of substitution that exists between end-member components of a solid solution series due to ions of substantially different sizes limiting the amount of substitution.
Calcite to Magnesite

36
Q

A branch of mineralogy that studies the long-range order or
crystal structure of crystalline substances.

A

Crystallography

37
Q

Flat surfaces enclosing a crystal that are formed when enclosed minerals stop growing.

A

Crystal Faces

38
Q

Smallest unit of pattern, that when repeated by a set of symmetry operations, will generate the long-range pattern characteristic
of the crystal; Set of atoms arranged in a specific way.

A

Motif

39
Q

A point used to represent any motif

A

Node

40
Q

The repetition of these fundamental units of pattern with long-range order.

A

Symmetry Operations

41
Q

2 types of symmetry operations

A

Simple symmetry
compound symmetry

42
Q

A periodic repetition of nodes in a systematic, linear displacement.

A

Translation

43
Q

A specific length and direction of systematic displacement by
which the pattern repeats.

A

Unit Translation Vector (t)

44
Q

A form of translation defined by two-unit translation vectors:
ta and tb, or t1 and t2

A

Two-dimension 2D

45
Q

is a two-dimensional array of pattern of nodes generated by the two-dimensional translation. (also called Plane Mesh)

A

Plane Lattice

46
Q

A form of translation defined by two-unit translation
vectors: ta , tb and t1 , t2 and t3.

A

Three-dimension Translation

47
Q

A three dimensional array of pattern of
nodes generated by the two dimensional translation.

A

Space Lattice

48
Q

The resulting array of motifs of crystalline substances.

A

Crystal Lattice

49
Q

A perfectly repetition of patterns in a complete 360°rotation around an axis of rotation.

A

Rotation (n)

50
Q

An imaginary line or axis where a pattern of nodes rotate around.

A

Axis of Rotation

51
Q

A form of symmetry operation in which every component of a pattern is repeated by reflection through a mirror plane.

A

Reflection (m)

52
Q

An imaginary line or axis where a pattern of nodes rotate around.

A

Mirror Plane

53
Q

The repetition of motifs by inverting them through a center called center of inversion.

A

Inversion (i)

54
Q

A point where the “image” of the motif is inverted through.

A

Center of Inversion

55
Q

The combination of translation with reflection across a mirror plane, producing a glide plane.

A

Glide Reflection

56
Q

The combination of translation with reflection across a mirror plane, producing a glide plane.

A

Rotoinversion (n-)

57
Q

The combination of translation parallel to an axis with rotation about the axis.

A

Screw Rotation (na)

58
Q

Two-dimensional motifs that are consistent with the generation of long-range, two dimensional arrays.

A

Plane Point Group

59
Q

The smallest units of plane lattice which contain at least one node and the unit translation vectors. It contains all the information necessary to produce the only larger two-dimensional pattern.

A

Unit Mesh

60
Q

A set of 17 plane lattice groups formed through the combination of the 10 plane point groups and 5 unit meshes.

A

Plane Lattice Groups

61
Q

Three-dimensional equivalents of two-dimensional equivalents plane point groups.

A

Space Point Group

62
Q

The 32 three-dimensional motif symmetries defined by the arrangement of the space point groups.

A

Crystal Classes

63
Q

A set of imaginary orientations used to describe the direction of a crystal’s propagation.

A

Crystallographic Axes

64
Q

A classification of minerals based on the relative measurement of their unit edges (a, b, and c), and the angles between them (α, β, and γ).

A

Crystal Systems

65
Q

6 Crystal Systems

A

Isometric/Cubic
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Monoclinic
Triclinic
Hexagonal
Rhombohedral/Trigonal

Mineralogy (19 decks)

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