Crusades Flashcards
What does crusade mean?
Crusade means any war against the enemies of Christianity and the Church (heretics, infidels, political opponents).
What were THE Crusades? When did they take place?
They are all of each of the eight wars fought by Christians fought by Christians against the Seljuk Turks in order to liberate the tomb of Christ and conquer the Holy Land from 1096 to 1270.
Why were the Crusades started?
Desire to reconquer the Holy Land (Jerusalem).
The Maritime Republics want to carry on and develop their trade.
The great feudal lords and knights hope to conquer lands and riches as well as prestige and honor.
Many hope to make their fortunes or gain some kind of advantage.
Why were the Crusades started?
Desire to reconquer the Holy Land (Jerusalem).
The Maritime Republics want to carry on and develop their trade.
The great feudal lords and knights hope to conquer lands and riches as well as prestige and honor.
Many hope to make their fortunes or gain some kind of advantage.
Who was involved?
In 1070 some nomadic populations coming from central Asia, the Seljuk Turks (so called after their leader Selgiuk tore Syria and Palestine from the Arabs.
Pope Urban II, after Alexis I of the Byzantines failed to fight against the Turks. So Constantinople(eastern church) and the Byzantines.
Why was Alexis I asking Pope Urban II for help a bad idea?
Because of the Eastern Schism 1054
What did the first crusade entail? What is it’s other name and when did it start? P.S, in history class, this is not considered the first one.
The popular Crusade “of the beggars” (1095)
In this one, the French monk Peter the hermit gathered an army of men and women totaling around 15,000 to march to Constantinople and then to Palestine. Keep in mind, Pope Urban II failed at this. As they marched on, they plundered and looted even other Christians.
When they arrived in Constantinople, they were met with emperor of the east, who told them to wait for crusader army, however, a lot of them didn’t listen and went anyway, they were killed or captured, Peter the hermit lived as he stayed in Constantinople.
Why did Pope Urban II want to help the Byzantines?
Because he wanted them under his control. He wanted to unite them with church of Rome.
What Happened in the Council of Clermont in 1095?
Pope Urban III invited Christian knights to repent for their violent lifes by making them take Jerusalem.
What happened in the first crusade, when and who was involved?
Instead of the crusade before, where they led untrained civilians into battle, the princes of the west took care to make a powerful and organized army. This made it so that they couldn’t leave before August 1096, they all gathered in Constantinople.
However, as they conquered, the princes left the cause to rule over the lands they took.
Despite this, they arrived in Jerusalem and after a long siege, they took it in 1099.
It became the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, as they took the whole coast, consisting of Syria and Palestine.
When they entered Jerusalem, they massacred 40,000-70,000 people.
What happened in the second Crusade? When did it start, who was involved?
The Turks took the city of Edessa in 1144, and with this, St Bernard of Clairvaux declared a new Crusade.
It was joined by The King of France Louis VII and the Emperor of Germany Conrad III.
The only important episode of the expedition was a brief and inconclusive siege to the city of Damascus (1148).
They failed.
What happened in the Third Crusade? When did it start, who was involved?
The Muslim counter-offensive culminated in 1187 with the reconquest of Jerusalem by a great Turkish warrior, Saladin.
For a new enterprise of liberation of the Holy Sepulchre, the following departed the Emperor of Germany Frederick Barbarossa, the King of France Philip II Augustus and the King of England Richard the Lionheart.
In 1190, Barbarossa drowned while crossing the river Salef in Asia Minor.
Asia Minor; Philip Augustus soon returned to France, and Richard the Lionheart, having suffered a defeat in front of Jerusalem, preferred to stipulate a truce with Saladin.
What happened in the 4th Crusade? When did it start, who was involved?
It was banned by Pope Innocence in 1198.
The crusaders were short of money to pay the Venetians for boats and transport, so in exchange, the crusaders sacked and took the city of Constantinople.
The Byzantine emperor fled to Nicaea in the Latin empire of the east, occupied by the crusaders, who were controlled by the Venetians.
What happened in the Children Crusades? When did it start, who was involved?
There were 3 children crusades(about 1212) in total, they all failed, the children either died or became slaves in Egypt, they were finished once they followed Jacob king of Hungary, they were killed by french knights after they destroyed a bunch of stuff.
What happened in the last Crusades?
The fifth and the sixth Crusade were both led by the Emperor of Germany and King of Sicily Frederick II. The fifth (1217-1221), after some successes that led to the Damietta in Egypt, ended with a defeat that forced the Christians to re-embark.
The sixth took place without bloodshed: as a result of negotiations with the Sultan of Egypt the emperor obtained the return of the city without some Muslim places in exchange for help to the Sultan against all enemies of any religion.
The last two crusades were led by the King of France Louis IX ( Saint Louis ) after the Muslims had again occupied the Holy City.
Both expeditions ended miserably: one with the rout and capture of the king himself in Egypt and the other with his death of plague in Tunisia in 1270. In 1291 St. John of Acre, the last Christian fortress in the Holy Land, returned to Muslim hands.
they all failed
