Barbarossa Flashcards
Who were the Guelphs? Who was the emperor in 1125?
Guelphs - (from Welf) House of Bavaria and Saxony from which came the emperor Lothair II of Supplimburg (1125-1137).
Who were the Ghibellines? Who was the emperor in 1137?
Ghibellines - (from Weblingen) House of Swabia and Franconia who expressed the emperor Conrad III of Hohenstaufen (1137-1152).
The Guelphs and Ghibellines were at each others throat for the imperial throne in 1100’s
Who was Frederick Barbarossa?
Frederick I of Hohenstaufen(Full Name) (1152-1190) of Ghibelline father and Guelph mother, who was elected as an overseer kind of.
What did Barbarossa want to achieve, how did he do it?
he wanted to resume the idea of imperial authority of Roman law, which was rediscovered at the time.
- By agreeing with Henry of Saxony;
- Controlling episcopal elections;
- Using royal officials (ministeriales);
- Reinstate imperial supremacy over popes.
How did the Swabia (svevia) House rise?
The death Corrado II in Germany causes struggles between Guelphs (supporters of the of the Bavarians) and Ghibellines (supporters of the Swabians)
Barbarossa comes into power, he is the duke of Swabia.
Barbarossa wants to secure his grasp over north Italy.
When did Barbarossa go to Italy to try to take it, what did he do there?
He went down first in 1154-1155
took smaller cities around big cities.
Re-established the authority of the Pope Adrian IV against the city that had arisen in Rome (1143) and against the pauperist monk Arnaldo da Brescia
In 1154, he gathered a bunch of important people(dieta) in Roncaglia to make a constitution(1158) that returned power to the emperor, and no wars between cities, no leagues(militia) between cities. Pope Alexander III (1159-81) supported him.
he helped pope Adrian IV destroy Arnaldo da Brescia, he also destroyed Milan and Brescia(1162)
- Barbarossa tries to impose an antipope. Alexander III
reacts by excommunicating the emperor(Barbarossa). - Pope Alexander III is elected, who as a cardinal had already clashed with the
had already clashed with the emperor on the question of the
primacy - Barbarossa comes down to Italy five times.
- The Lombard League is born
- May 29, 1176 in Legnano, the imperial army is severely defeated
harshly defeated - in Venice Barbarossa negotiates peace with the pope and undertakes to respect the
to respect the clauses of the Treaty of Worms. - at Constance the emperor recognizes the right of the communes to the
regalia
from the constitution of two previous alliances, the Veronese League (1164) and the League of Pontida (1167), what league was made?
The Lombard league
What was the Lombard league and how was it used?
After the destruction of Milan (1162), solidarity among the communes becomes stronger:
- The Veronese League and the Cremonese League merged in 1167 at Pontida in the Lombard League, with the support of support of Alexander III.
- Frederick tried unsuccessfully to besiege Alexandria, a city founded against him,
- And was defeated by the League at Legnano (1176), an episode which convinced him to change his policy
When did Barbarossa make peace with Alexander III?
(1177)
When did he make peace between Constance and the communes?
- and in 1183 he stipulated the peace of Constance with the communes:
What did Barbarossa do in his last years?
Frederick arranged the marriage between his his son Henry VI (1190-1197) and Constance
of Altavilla, heir to the Kingdom of Sicily, during the Hoftag in Mainz (1184).
- On the death of William II, King of Sicily
(1189), Henry was able to unify Germany and
Italy under his control.
- In 1188 Frederick had “taken up the cross” for the second time.
for the second time: he died in 1190 in Syria.