Crude Oil Refining – Part 3 Flashcards
is a term used to describe all different processes in which
hydrocarbon reacts with hydrogen.
Hydroconversion
Hydroconversion includes
hydrotreating
hydrocracking
hydrogenation
;clean streams and remove substances that are harmful to the catalyst
;used to describe the process of the removal of sulfur, nitrogen
and metal impurities in the feedstock by hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
Hydrotreating
is the process of catalytic cracking of feedstock to products with
lower boiling points by reacting them with hydrogen.
Hydrocracking
is used when aromatics are saturated by hydrogen to the
corresponding naphthenes. (double bond to single bond)
Hydrogenation
RSH + H2 → RH + H2S
Desulphurization:
C4H4N + 4H2 → C4H10 + NH3
Denitrogenation:
C6H5OH + H2 → C6H6 + H2O
Deoxidation:
RCl + H2 → RH + HCl
Hydrogenation of Chlorides:
C5H10 + H2 → C5H12
Hydrogenation of Olefins:
C6H6 + 3H2 → Cyclohexane
Hydrogenation of Aromatics:
uses hydrogen and catalyst to break down heavy oil into lighter, more useful fuels.
Catalytic Hydrocracking
combines propenes and butenes to produce higher olefins with high-octane numbers.
Polymerization
combines isobutane with C3-C4 olefins to produce a mixture which will increase RON.
Alkylation
to find the best way of mixing
different intermediate products available from the refinery and some additives in order to adjust the product specifications.
product blending
The final quality of the finished products are tested for octane number
Gasolines
The final quality of the finished products are tested for flash point and volatility.
Kerosene
The final quality of the finished products are tested for
diesel index, flash point, pour point and viscosity.
Gas oils
It is the lowest temperature at which vapors arises from oil
ignites.
flash point
lowest temperature at which oil can be stored and still capable of flowing or pouring,
pour point
lowest temperature at which oil becomes cloudy and the first particles of wax crystals are observed
cloud point
minimum temperature at which equal volumes of the aniline and the oil are completely miscible.
aniline point
maximum flame height in millimeter at which the oil burns without smoking
smoke point
