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geography-crowded coasts > Crowded coasts > Flashcards

Crowded coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical factors that create different coastal environments?

A
  • Rock types and erosion create: cliffs and stacks.
  • Where big rivers flow into the sea, wide tidal estuaries are formed
  • Coastal erosion creates sheltered inlets and deep natural harbours
  • Floodplains are wide, flat valley floors regularly flooded. Deltas form at river mouth when sediment is deposited by the river faster than the sea removes it.
  • Beaches are formed where the sea deposits eroded material
  • Coastal ecosystems are valuable natural environments, important breeding grounds for fish and shellfish.
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2
Q

What encourages different types of development?

A
  • Dramatic scenery of coastlines e.g Jurassic Coast
  • Natural harbours for import and export of raw materials attracts industry
  • Estuaries allow easy access for ships, encourage port development
  • Alluvium deposited on floodplains make soil fertile
  • Some coastal ecosystems have a high biodiversity which attracts fishing and tourists.
  • deep water access for boats
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3
Q

How has development led to coastal population growth?

A
  • Accessibility, fertile soil, equable climate, dramatic scenery.
  • Fishing, tourism and port development create employment opportunities.
  • Land is flat so more property development and businesses
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4
Q

Three land use models

A
  • Burgess: settlement growing out in concentric zones from the centre
  • Hoyt:has concentric zones but adds sectors that grow along linear features
  • Harris and Ullman: multiple nuclei of different land used
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5
Q

How does coastal development distort shape of a land use model?

A

Sea limit growth in that direction. Linear zones develop along the sea front

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6
Q

How does coastal development distort accommodation of a land use model?

A

Larger hotels based on the sea front, closest to the Tourist Business District (TBD). Smaller hotels further away from the TBD-Multiple nuclei.

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7
Q

How does coastal development distort open spaces of a land use model?

A

Parks and pleasure gardens on the seafront

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8
Q

How does coastal development distort entertainment of a land use model?

A

Piers want to attract tourists, so they locate where tourists gather at the sea front.

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9
Q

4 different types of conflict

A

Tourism, overfishing, aquaculture and industrialisation

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10
Q

How does tourism create conflict?

A
  • Conflict between tourists and locals over traffic congestion, parking and noise.
  • Environmental impact as increased tourism means more road building and construction of other amenities. Built on ecologically important land. Conflict with tourists and people protecting ecology of the coast.
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11
Q

How does overfishing create conflict?

A
  • Rapid decline of fish populations
  • Efforts to conserve fish conflict with fishing industry
  • Limits to fishing could lead to job losses
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12
Q

How does aquaculture cause conflict?

A
  • Affordable fish and shellfish cultivated in ‘fish farms’
  • Conflict with producers and environmentalists.
  • High levels of fish decrease dissolved oxygen levels in water lead to death of fish and plant life.
  • Diseases spread from farmed fish
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13
Q

How does industrialisation cause conflict?

A
  • Ports expanded which means coastal ecosytems under threat-flat land good for construction
  • Conflict between industry exploiting advantages of locating near the coast, and people trying protect SSSI.
  • Pollution from industrial waste affects swimmers and marine life. Conflict between coastal industries and tourists and environmentalists.
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14
Q

What are the inputs, processes and outputs of coasts?

A
  • Inputs: sediment from cliffs eroded and transported offshore by waves
  • Processes: wave action, tidal movement, erosion, transportation and deposition
  • Outputs: sediment washed out to sea
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15
Q

What are coastal sediment cells?

A

-Lengths of coastline that are self-contained for the movement of sediment

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16
Q

How are waves formed?

A
  • Wind blowing over surface of sea, friction between wind and surface gives circular motion
  • Effect of wave depends on height, height affected by wind speed and fetch
  • As waves approach shore they break, friction with seabed slows bottom of waves making them more elliptical. Crest of waves rises then collapses.
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17
Q

Two types of wave?

A
  • Constructive: low frequency. Low and long. Powerful swash carries material up beach and deposits it.
  • Destructive: High and steep, high frequency, strong backwash removes material
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18
Q

Sub-aerial processes along a coastline

A
  • Weathering: weakens cliffs making them vulnerable
  • Throughflow: flow of water through cliffs (throughflow) and the flow of water over land (runoff) can make cliffs unstable causing landslides.
  • Mass movement landslides
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19
Q

5 main ways waved erode the coastline

A
  • Abrasion/corrasion: rock/sediment grind against rocks and cliffs.
  • Hydraulic action: Air in cracks in cliffs compressed when waves crash in. Pressure exerted breaks off rock pieces.
  • Quarrying: Energy of waves breaks against cliff detaching bits of rock
  • Corrosion/solution:Soluble rocks gradually dissolved by seawater
  • Attrition:Bits of rock smash against eachother and break into smaller bits
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20
Q

5 factors that affect the rate a stretch of coastline is eroded.

A
  • Width of beach: Beaches slow down waves so wide flat beaches will protect cliffs more than, narrow steep.
  • Breaking point of waves:Break directly at cliff causes most erosion vice versa.
  • Aspect: faces dominant winds and wave direction, erosion will be faster
  • The fetch of wave:waves with large fetch, much higher and steeper/more erosion
  • Rock type:Hard rocks like granite much more resistant to erosion.
21
Q

How does current transport sediment?

A
  • Move material along coast-longshore drift

- Swash carries sediment up beach parallel to prevailing wind. Backwash carries sediment down beach at right angles.

22
Q

Physical causes of flooding?

A
  • Hurricanes reduce atmospheric pressure on sea surface causing it to rise (storm surge)
  • Strong onshore winds:force water to higher levels, allowing waves further inland
  • High rainfall causes high river discharge
  • Tidal currents and surges funnelled into a coastal bottleneck forcing sea levels higher.
23
Q

Human activity that intensifies coastal flooding

A
  • Management of river systems: Dams trap sediment so reduce the amount deposited at the river’s mouth, causing deltas and salt marshes to shrink, less protection against storm surges.
  • Management of coastal systems: alter sediment movement, reducing the amount of protective beach material along the coast.
  • Building on coastal lowlands:restricted sediment supply to protective beaches and marshes.
  • Reclamation of coastal lowlands: Draining land to reclaim causes land to shrink to become lower than sea level.
24
Q

What causes eustatic sea level change and the causes (global)?

A
  • Change in volume of water in the sea, change in shape of ocean basins.
  • Tectonic movements of earths crust alter shape
  • Changes in climate: melting of ice sheets/water to expand
  • Decrease in temperature/more precipitation as snow/more water stored in glaciers and so reduces volume of sea.
25
Q

What causes Isostatic sea level change and the causes (local)?

A
  • Vertical movements of land relative to the sea/downward movement of land causes sea levels to rise locally, uplift of land causes sea levels to fall.
  • Tectonic uplift occurs mostly at plate boundaries
  • Subsidence of land due to shrinkage after abstraction of groundwater
26
Q

Impacts of sea level rise?

A
  • More frequent and more severe coastal flooding: Flooding of low-lying area increased
  • Submergence of low-lying Islands: lots of low-lying islands disappeared, and more at risk.
  • Changes in coastline: sea levels rise the coastline changes-Islands created and area of land is decreased
27
Q

Further impacts of sea level rise?

A
  • Damage to coastal infrastructure
  • decrease in tourism
  • decrease in agriculture
  • loss of homes
28
Q

Four options of coastal management

A
  • Hold the line: maintain existing coastal defences
  • Advance the line: build new coastal defences further out to sea than existing ones
  • Do nothing: build no coastal defences, deal with effects
  • Retreat the line: build no coastal defences, move people away from the coast.
29
Q

9 different types of hard engineering

A
  • Sea wall
  • Revetments
  • Gabions
  • Riprap
  • Groynes
  • Breakwaters
  • Earth bank
  • Tidal barrier
  • TIdal barrage
30
Q

How a sea wall works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Reflects waves out to sea, acts as a barrier for flooding
  • Expensive to build and maintain
  • Strong backwash eroding under wall
31
Q

How a revetment works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Slanted structures on the foot of a cliff. Waves break against them, absorbing wave energy.
  • Expensive to build, cheap to maintain
  • Create strong backwash
32
Q

How Gabions works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Rock-filled cages, built at foot of cliff, absorb wave energy
  • cheap
  • ugly
33
Q

How a riprap works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Boulder piled along the coast, absorbing wave energy
  • Fairly cheap
  • Shift in storms
34
Q

How a groyne works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Fences built at right angles to the coast. trap beach material deposited by longshore drift, creating wider beaches. Greater protection from erosion
  • Quite cheap
  • Starve down-drift beaches of sand
35
Q

How a Breakwater works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Blocks or boulders that force the waves to break offshore.
  • Expensive
  • Damaged by storms
36
Q

How a earth bank works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Mound of earth act a barrier
  • Quite expensive
  • can be eroded
37
Q

How a tidal barrier works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Built across river estuaries, retractable that can be raised to prevent flooding
  • very expensive
  • Really expensive
38
Q

How a tidal barrage works, cost and disadvantage?

A
  • Dams built across river estuaries, water trapped behind dam at high tide, generates electricity. Controlled release of water at low tide generates electricity, prevents flooding.
  • Expensive
  • disrupt sediment flow, increasing erosion elsewhere.
39
Q

6 types of soft engineering

A
  • Beach nourishment
  • Beach stabilisation
  • Dune regeneration
  • Land use management
  • creating marshland
  • coastal realignment
40
Q

What is beach nourishment

A

-sand and shingle added to beaches from elsewhere, creates wider beaches, reduces erosion

41
Q

What is beach stabilisation?

A

-reducing slope angle and planting vegetation, sticking stakes and old tree trunks in beach stabilising sand, creates wider beaches.

42
Q

What is dune regeneration?

A

-sand dunes created or restored by either nourishment or stabilisation. Act as a barrier between land and sea, absorbing wave energy

43
Q

what is land use management?

A

-vegetation on dune easily trampled on which stabilise dune, walkways, fenced off areas prevent people accessing dunes, reducing vegetation loss.

44
Q

what is creating marshland?

A

-planting appropriate vegetation, stabilising sediment, stems and leaves reduce power of waves. Reducing erosive power and how far waves reach inland

45
Q

what is coastal realignment (managed retreat)?

A

-Breaching existing an existing defence allowing sea to flood land. Overtime, vegetation will colonise the land and become marshland.

46
Q

Why is soft engineering more sustainable than hard engineering?

A
  • Hard engineering: expensive, disrupts natural processes
  • Soft engineering: cheaper, less money to maintain them. Integrate with the natural environment as it creates marshland and sand dunes, important for for coastal plants and animals. Low economic and environmental impact
47
Q

What is a shoreline management plan (SMP)?

A

-How a coastline in one sediment cell should be managed. Developed by local authorities . All local authorities in one sediment cell cooperate when planning, so defences in one area dont increase erosion in the adjacent area in the same cel

48
Q

What is an integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)?

A

Process of coming up with an integrated, sustainable management plan.

geography-crowded coasts (19 decks)

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