Crowded Coasts Flashcards
What are the location and features of Keyhaven Marshes?
- S. Coast of England (Hampshire)
- salt marshes behind Hurst Castle spit
- small population (4609)
- fishing trade ➡️ tourism (sailing ⛵️)
- total day visit: 31 million!!
Name a case study for Salt marshes:
Key Haven
Outline a few threats to KeyHaven marshes:
• marshes retreat 6cm/year
• construction of groynes starve spit behind which the marshes rely upon
•Tourism
* 1989 (storm) exposed 80m of salt marsh to the sea
Give 2 proposed management strategies for KeyHaven Marshes:
- 1996 SMP = 300,000m3 of shingle + 500m3 of Rock armour
2. Marsh = SSSI and part of the national nature reserve: Biodiversity ✅
Features of general salt marshes:
- coastal wetlands - flooded/drained by salt water (tides)
- = deep silt/peat
- Found in mid-high latitudes (e.g every coast in USA - “Gulf Coast”
General features of Coral reefs:
- Dense underwater ecosystems-colonies
- Found: between Tropics - shallow, clean, saline water - 24-28C
- formed by settling of coral larvae attaching to submerged rock
- growth: 0.3-2cm per year
What was the %age of coral reefs were under threat from 1998 to 2008 in the Indian Ocean?
1998: 56%
2008: 81%
What are the value of coral reefs:
25% worlds total commercial fish catch from coral reefs
• ⬆️protection from tsunamis & tourism
Provides protection for different species of fish to breed
• controls CO2 levels in seas
How does climate change effect coral reefs?
Stronger sun rays➡️warmer oceans➡️less salinity➡️more acidity
What are Mangrove forests?
•Consists of: - salt tolerant trees or shrubs • found between 32N and 38S of equ. • Most extensive area = Asia • total area: 150,000km2
What is the estimated cost of goods and services provided by Mangroves?
US$186 Million/year
Plant products, coastal protection, fisheries and timber
In Thailand where do Mangrove forests occur?
a) Protected tropical shorelines
b) Intertidal areas
By the end of the 20th century what %age of the worlds mangrove forests were intact?
Less than 50%
Give 3 proposed management schemes for Mangroves in Thailand:
- Promote awareness of their importance
- Enforce legal measures for protection
- Encourage alternate progressions and sources of income
What is a concordant coastline?
Where only one type of rock continues throughout the stretch of coast
What is a discordant coastline?
Where the coast is made of multiple types of rock - the geology alternates between soft and hard rock
How does geology affect coastal environments?
Soft rock erodes more quickly (bays)
Hard rock becomes more exposed (creating headlands)
Give 2 example of both soft and hard rock:
Soft rock: •chalk •(Boulder) clay Hard Rock • Limestone • sand
Why do bays form?
As wave hits headland, and enters the bay it loses energy and deposits material/silt/sand
What is a delta?
A landform created due to the deposition at the mouthof the river due to loss of energy
What is an estuary?
When the river meets the sea (the tidal mouth of rivers)
What features are formed by depositions?
Beaches, deltas, spits
What is a spit?
Extended stretch of beach material which projects out to sea, but is connected on one end to mainland
What is a coastal zone?
The corridor which lies astride the coastline. Includes both land (up to 60km inland) and sea (200 nautical miles off land)
What is a coastline?
Boundary between sea and land
What are coasts used for?
- Tourism (leisure)
- Trade and industry (harbours/ports)
- building Material (chalk)
- reduce effect of costal erosion
- stagnant water = salt marshes
- habitat and breeding grounds for species
- Agriculture/farming - deltas
Sea and climate factors influencing coasts:
- coastal ecosystems
- wave energy and direction
- size and type of wave/LSD
- water depth
- wind strength/direction
- rainfall and temp.
Land and human factors influencing coasts:
- Rock structure
- Presence or lack of beach
- Exploitation of resources
- Use of land for development
- Intervention in natural ecosystems
What processes take place at the the cliff face ?
- solution (of chalk)
- freeze thaw weathering
- chemical weathering (hydrolysis)
- mass movement (slumping/Rock falls)
What processes take place at cliff foot?
Corrosion and Hydraulic action
Why do people move to coasts (= Coastalisation)?
- biodiversity
- transport/travel
- equitable climate/leisure/tourism
- more resources
- jobs
- flat/fertile land: construction/farming
- wide water sources
What type of village was Eastbourne originally?
Fishing
In the 18th century, why did Eastbourne become popular?
- For middle class, became fashionable to go to the seaside on holiday
- seaside associated with health and curing diseases
When was the Railway built in Eastbourne? And where did it go?
Built 1849: Eastbourne - London
When was the cavendish hotel built and what happened shortly after (delaying development)?
1872 - Pier built
1873 - Cavendish hotel built
1940-1951: population felt vulnerable near coast after war. Closure of hotels, businesses. Population dropped by 12,000+
What effect did the war have on Eastbourne?
- Feeling of vulnerability near coast
- Closure/damage to buildings
- Loss of pop - dropped by 12,000+
- 1968 = new holiday pattern abroad
In Eastbourne, what %age of the population was unemployed in 1980?
43%
When was Sovereign Harbour developed?
1990
In 2010 how many tourists came to visit Eastbourne?
4.5 Million tourists/year
34% if the population were retired by 2010
Per month (on average) how many hours of sunlight does Eastbourne get?
~ 225 hours
In Eastbourne after development by how much did house prices ⬆️? And what %age of employment was tourism?
House prices increased by 20% (2000-2007)
Tourism = 17%
What is an economic impact of development in Eastbourne?
Unemployment = 7.8% huge decrease after 1980 (43%!!!). Lower than most of S.E UK
Give 2 environmental impacts of development in Eastbourne:
- 500m3 of green space removed due to tourism
2. 2300 pieces of litter/km
What %age of Uk’s coastlines are affected by erosion?
28%
What is accretion?
When eroded material is transported and deposited in another location where it builds up.
Why was Dibden Bay proposed?
Southampton needed a larger port to remain competitive (w/ Rotterdam) and handle larger vessels
How busy is Southampton Port?
It is the 2nd busiest port in the UK
Who were the main stakeholders for Biben Bay?
ABP (association of British ports)
Southampton city council
Workers union
Who were the main stakeholders against Dibden Bay?
RSPB
Council for national parks
Local residents
When had the land for Dibden Bay been reclaimed?
In the 50s & 60s
What would the proposed scheme have built in Dibden Bay?
Deeper docks, railway, roads
Costs of Dibden Bay:
- costs £700 million to build port
- traffic congestion affects locals
- 50% increase in congestion
- 50,000 rare bird species would lose their homes if salt marshes were removed
What does EIA stand for?
Environmental Impacts Association - technique which helps us to understand potential environmental impact of a development proposal (hard to put a monetary value on environmental cost)
What type of case study is Boscombe? (Which development strategy?)
Regeneration
What happened to Boscombe up until late 1800s?
- initially developed in 19thC - “Boscombe Manor estate” (culture/arts)
- rapid pop. growth as more popular to holiday in seaside resorts - fashionable resort
- mansions for wealthy
From 1960s onwards what happened to Boscombe?
- underinvestment/decline
- lack of tourism
- technological advances+more disposable incomes
- travel more affordable
What happens as a result of lack of investment and tourism in Boscombe?
- B. in top 2% of social deprivation in UK (in early 2000)
- unemployment,crime,drug use ⬆️
- 1980s property prices fell
How was Boscombe regenerated?
• Bournemouth borough council - ‘seafront strategy’
-Honeycombe chine Car park = £9.35 Million to council
How was Boscombe rebranded?
- construction of B. Spa village (£11.3 million)
- Barrats: 170 seafront facing apartments
- Boscombe chine gardens
- 1st artificial surf reef built!
Before development what was Benidorm like?
- small coastal village
- 80,000 inhabitants
- equitable climate (14-27C)
Who had a passion to transform Benidorm into a tourist hotspot?
Pedro Zaragoza (appointed 1950)
In 1953 what non-catholic act allowed in Benidorm?
Zaragoza allowed Bikinis to be worn?
When did USA grand Spain a loan? How much was it?
1962: Loan = $19 Mil.
From 1964 onwards what happened to Benidorm (development-wise)?
- Spain = most sought after tourist destination
- an airport opened in Alicante
- motorway built between Andalucia and Benidorm
- Spain gained access to EU
From 1990s onwards how did technological advances kick start tourism in Benidorm?
- possibility for direct sales online without travel agent
- now one of the most traditional tourist locations of the Mediterranean coast!
