Crowded Coasts Flashcards
(65 cards)
What are the location and features of Keyhaven Marshes?
- S. Coast of England (Hampshire)
- salt marshes behind Hurst Castle spit
- small population (4609)
- fishing trade ➡️ tourism (sailing ⛵️)
- total day visit: 31 million!!
Name a case study for Salt marshes:
Key Haven
Outline a few threats to KeyHaven marshes:
• marshes retreat 6cm/year
• construction of groynes starve spit behind which the marshes rely upon
•Tourism
* 1989 (storm) exposed 80m of salt marsh to the sea
Give 2 proposed management strategies for KeyHaven Marshes:
- 1996 SMP = 300,000m3 of shingle + 500m3 of Rock armour
2. Marsh = SSSI and part of the national nature reserve: Biodiversity ✅
Features of general salt marshes:
- coastal wetlands - flooded/drained by salt water (tides)
- = deep silt/peat
- Found in mid-high latitudes (e.g every coast in USA - “Gulf Coast”
General features of Coral reefs:
- Dense underwater ecosystems-colonies
- Found: between Tropics - shallow, clean, saline water - 24-28C
- formed by settling of coral larvae attaching to submerged rock
- growth: 0.3-2cm per year
What was the %age of coral reefs were under threat from 1998 to 2008 in the Indian Ocean?
1998: 56%
2008: 81%
What are the value of coral reefs:
25% worlds total commercial fish catch from coral reefs
• ⬆️protection from tsunamis & tourism
Provides protection for different species of fish to breed
• controls CO2 levels in seas
How does climate change effect coral reefs?
Stronger sun rays➡️warmer oceans➡️less salinity➡️more acidity
What are Mangrove forests?
•Consists of: - salt tolerant trees or shrubs • found between 32N and 38S of equ. • Most extensive area = Asia • total area: 150,000km2
What is the estimated cost of goods and services provided by Mangroves?
US$186 Million/year
Plant products, coastal protection, fisheries and timber
In Thailand where do Mangrove forests occur?
a) Protected tropical shorelines
b) Intertidal areas
By the end of the 20th century what %age of the worlds mangrove forests were intact?
Less than 50%
Give 3 proposed management schemes for Mangroves in Thailand:
- Promote awareness of their importance
- Enforce legal measures for protection
- Encourage alternate progressions and sources of income
What is a concordant coastline?
Where only one type of rock continues throughout the stretch of coast
What is a discordant coastline?
Where the coast is made of multiple types of rock - the geology alternates between soft and hard rock
How does geology affect coastal environments?
Soft rock erodes more quickly (bays)
Hard rock becomes more exposed (creating headlands)
Give 2 example of both soft and hard rock:
Soft rock: •chalk •(Boulder) clay Hard Rock • Limestone • sand
Why do bays form?
As wave hits headland, and enters the bay it loses energy and deposits material/silt/sand
What is a delta?
A landform created due to the deposition at the mouthof the river due to loss of energy
What is an estuary?
When the river meets the sea (the tidal mouth of rivers)
What features are formed by depositions?
Beaches, deltas, spits
What is a spit?
Extended stretch of beach material which projects out to sea, but is connected on one end to mainland
What is a coastal zone?
The corridor which lies astride the coastline. Includes both land (up to 60km inland) and sea (200 nautical miles off land)
