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Geography > Crowded Coasts > Flashcards

Crowded Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the location and features of Keyhaven Marshes?

A
  • S. Coast of England (Hampshire)
  • salt marshes behind Hurst Castle spit
  • small population (4609)
  • fishing trade ➡️ tourism (sailing ⛵️)
  • total day visit: 31 million!!
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2
Q

Name a case study for Salt marshes:

A

Key Haven

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3
Q

Outline a few threats to KeyHaven marshes:

A

• marshes retreat 6cm/year
• construction of groynes starve spit behind which the marshes rely upon
•Tourism
* 1989 (storm) exposed 80m of salt marsh to the sea

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4
Q

Give 2 proposed management strategies for KeyHaven Marshes:

A
  1. 1996 SMP = 300,000m3 of shingle + 500m3 of Rock armour

2. Marsh = SSSI and part of the national nature reserve: Biodiversity ✅

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5
Q

Features of general salt marshes:

A
  • coastal wetlands - flooded/drained by salt water (tides)
  • = deep silt/peat
  • Found in mid-high latitudes (e.g every coast in USA - “Gulf Coast”
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6
Q

General features of Coral reefs:

A
  • Dense underwater ecosystems-colonies
  • Found: between Tropics - shallow, clean, saline water - 24-28C
  • formed by settling of coral larvae attaching to submerged rock
  • growth: 0.3-2cm per year
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7
Q

What was the %age of coral reefs were under threat from 1998 to 2008 in the Indian Ocean?

A

1998: 56%
2008: 81%

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8
Q

What are the value of coral reefs:

A

25% worlds total commercial fish catch from coral reefs
• ⬆️protection from tsunamis & tourism
Provides protection for different species of fish to breed
• controls CO2 levels in seas

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9
Q

How does climate change effect coral reefs?

A

Stronger sun rays➡️warmer oceans➡️less salinity➡️more acidity

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10
Q

What are Mangrove forests?

A 
•Consists of:
- salt tolerant trees or shrubs
• found between 32N and 38S of equ.
• Most extensive area = Asia
• total area: 150,000km2
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11
Q

What is the estimated cost of goods and services provided by Mangroves?

A

US$186 Million/year

Plant products, coastal protection, fisheries and timber

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12
Q

In Thailand where do Mangrove forests occur?

A

a) Protected tropical shorelines

b) Intertidal areas

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13
Q

By the end of the 20th century what %age of the worlds mangrove forests were intact?

A

Less than 50%

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14
Q

Give 3 proposed management schemes for Mangroves in Thailand:

A
  1. Promote awareness of their importance
  2. Enforce legal measures for protection
  3. Encourage alternate progressions and sources of income
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15
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A

Where only one type of rock continues throughout the stretch of coast

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16
Q

What is a discordant coastline?

A

Where the coast is made of multiple types of rock - the geology alternates between soft and hard rock

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17
Q

How does geology affect coastal environments?

A

Soft rock erodes more quickly (bays)

Hard rock becomes more exposed (creating headlands)

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18
Q

Give 2 example of both soft and hard rock:

A 
Soft rock:
•chalk
•(Boulder) clay
Hard Rock
• Limestone
• sand
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19
Q

Why do bays form?

A

As wave hits headland, and enters the bay it loses energy and deposits material/silt/sand

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20
Q

What is a delta?

A

A landform created due to the deposition at the mouthof the river due to loss of energy

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21
Q

What is an estuary?

A

When the river meets the sea (the tidal mouth of rivers)

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22
Q

What features are formed by depositions?

A

Beaches, deltas, spits

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23
Q

What is a spit?

A

Extended stretch of beach material which projects out to sea, but is connected on one end to mainland

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24
Q

What is a coastal zone?

A

The corridor which lies astride the coastline. Includes both land (up to 60km inland) and sea (200 nautical miles off land)

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25
Q

What is a coastline?

A

Boundary between sea and land

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26
Q

What are coasts used for?

A
  • Tourism (leisure)
  • Trade and industry (harbours/ports)
  • building Material (chalk)
  • reduce effect of costal erosion
  • stagnant water = salt marshes
  • habitat and breeding grounds for species
  • Agriculture/farming - deltas
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27
Q

Sea and climate factors influencing coasts:

A
  • coastal ecosystems
  • wave energy and direction
  • size and type of wave/LSD
  • water depth
  • wind strength/direction
  • rainfall and temp.
28
Q

Land and human factors influencing coasts:

A
  • Rock structure
  • Presence or lack of beach
  • Exploitation of resources
  • Use of land for development
  • Intervention in natural ecosystems
29
Q

What processes take place at the the cliff face ?

A
  • solution (of chalk)
  • freeze thaw weathering
  • chemical weathering (hydrolysis)
  • mass movement (slumping/Rock falls)
30
Q

What processes take place at cliff foot?

A

Corrosion and Hydraulic action

31
Q

Why do people move to coasts (= Coastalisation)?

A
  • biodiversity
  • transport/travel
  • equitable climate/leisure/tourism
  • more resources
  • jobs
  • flat/fertile land: construction/farming
  • wide water sources
32
Q

What type of village was Eastbourne originally?

A

Fishing

33
Q

In the 18th century, why did Eastbourne become popular?

A
  • For middle class, became fashionable to go to the seaside on holiday
  • seaside associated with health and curing diseases
34
Q

When was the Railway built in Eastbourne? And where did it go?

A

Built 1849: Eastbourne - London

35
Q

When was the cavendish hotel built and what happened shortly after (delaying development)?

A

1872 - Pier built
1873 - Cavendish hotel built
1940-1951: population felt vulnerable near coast after war. Closure of hotels, businesses. Population dropped by 12,000+

36
Q

What effect did the war have on Eastbourne?

A
  • Feeling of vulnerability near coast
  • Closure/damage to buildings
  • Loss of pop - dropped by 12,000+
  • 1968 = new holiday pattern abroad
37
Q

In Eastbourne, what %age of the population was unemployed in 1980?

A

43%

38
Q

When was Sovereign Harbour developed?

A

1990

39
Q

In 2010 how many tourists came to visit Eastbourne?

A

4.5 Million tourists/year

34% if the population were retired by 2010

40
Q

Per month (on average) how many hours of sunlight does Eastbourne get?

A

~ 225 hours

41
Q

In Eastbourne after development by how much did house prices ⬆️? And what %age of employment was tourism?

A

House prices increased by 20% (2000-2007)

Tourism = 17%

42
Q

What is an economic impact of development in Eastbourne?

A

Unemployment = 7.8% huge decrease after 1980 (43%!!!). Lower than most of S.E UK

43
Q

Give 2 environmental impacts of development in Eastbourne:

A
  1. 500m3 of green space removed due to tourism

2. 2300 pieces of litter/km

44
Q

What %age of Uk’s coastlines are affected by erosion?

A

28%

45
Q

What is accretion?

A

When eroded material is transported and deposited in another location where it builds up.

46
Q

Why was Dibden Bay proposed?

A

Southampton needed a larger port to remain competitive (w/ Rotterdam) and handle larger vessels

47
Q

How busy is Southampton Port?

A

It is the 2nd busiest port in the UK

48
Q

Who were the main stakeholders for Biben Bay?

A

ABP (association of British ports)
Southampton city council
Workers union

49
Q

Who were the main stakeholders against Dibden Bay?

A

RSPB
Council for national parks
Local residents

50
Q

When had the land for Dibden Bay been reclaimed?

A

In the 50s & 60s

51
Q

What would the proposed scheme have built in Dibden Bay?

A

Deeper docks, railway, roads

52
Q

Costs of Dibden Bay:

A
  • costs £700 million to build port
  • traffic congestion affects locals
  • 50% increase in congestion
  • 50,000 rare bird species would lose their homes if salt marshes were removed
53
Q

What does EIA stand for?

A

Environmental Impacts Association - technique which helps us to understand potential environmental impact of a development proposal (hard to put a monetary value on environmental cost)

54
Q

What type of case study is Boscombe? (Which development strategy?)

A

Regeneration

55
Q

What happened to Boscombe up until late 1800s?

A
  • initially developed in 19thC - “Boscombe Manor estate” (culture/arts)
  • rapid pop. growth as more popular to holiday in seaside resorts - fashionable resort
  • mansions for wealthy
56
Q

From 1960s onwards what happened to Boscombe?

A
  • underinvestment/decline
  • lack of tourism
  • technological advances+more disposable incomes
  • travel more affordable
57
Q

What happens as a result of lack of investment and tourism in Boscombe?

A
  • B. in top 2% of social deprivation in UK (in early 2000)
  • unemployment,crime,drug use ⬆️
  • 1980s property prices fell
58
Q

How was Boscombe regenerated?

A

• Bournemouth borough council - ‘seafront strategy’

-Honeycombe chine Car park = £9.35 Million to council

59
Q

How was Boscombe rebranded?

A
  • construction of B. Spa village (£11.3 million)
  • Barrats: 170 seafront facing apartments
  • Boscombe chine gardens
  • 1st artificial surf reef built!
60
Q

Before development what was Benidorm like?

A
  • small coastal village
  • 80,000 inhabitants
  • equitable climate (14-27C)
61
Q

Who had a passion to transform Benidorm into a tourist hotspot?

A

Pedro Zaragoza (appointed 1950)

62
Q

In 1953 what non-catholic act allowed in Benidorm?

A

Zaragoza allowed Bikinis to be worn?

63
Q

When did USA grand Spain a loan? How much was it?

A

1962: Loan = $19 Mil.

64
Q

From 1964 onwards what happened to Benidorm (development-wise)?

A
  • Spain = most sought after tourist destination
  • an airport opened in Alicante
  • motorway built between Andalucia and Benidorm
  • Spain gained access to EU
65
Q

From 1990s onwards how did technological advances kick start tourism in Benidorm?

A
  • possibility for direct sales online without travel agent

- now one of the most traditional tourist locations of the Mediterranean coast!

Geography (6 decks)

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