CROSS CULTURAL ENCOUNTER Flashcards
What was the fundamental difference between discoveries between the 15th and 17th centuries as opposed to those during the Enlightenment?
Older discoveries fuelled by trade.
Enlightenment voyages were scientific endeavours.
What is Neoclassicism?
Western movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music and architecture that drew inspiration from the classical art and culture of ancient Rome / Greece.
Who drew comparisons between the New World and classical times?
Comte de Bougainville “A Voyage Round the World” 1771
Travel log of expedition of Argentina, Patagonia, Tahiti and Indonesia.
Tahiti as an earthly paradise without laws.
Women as Venus’.
Comparing men to classical heroes.
Who described man in his primitive stage as inherently evil?
Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan” 1651
‘Man in the state of nature has no idea of goodness’
Social Contract
Who argued that man in his primitive stage was inherently good?
Jean Jacques Rousseau “Discourse on the Origin of Inequality” 1754
‘Nothing is so gentle as man in his primitive stage, when placed by nature at an equal distance from the stupidity of brutes and the fatal enlightenment of civil man’.
When were Captain James Cook’s 3 voyages?
1768-71
1772-75
1776-80.
What was the aim of James Cook’s first voyage in 1768?
Commissioned by the Royal Society to record the transit of Venus across the sun.
Arrived in Tahiti 13th April 1769.
Sir Joseph Banks on board (Britains most famous naturalist)
What did James Cook say about European culture during his first voyage?
‘What is more to our shame as civilised christians, we debauch their morals already too prone to vice, and we introduce among them wants and perhaps diseases which they never before knew, and serve only to disturb that happy tranquility which they and their forefathers enjoyed’.
What was the aim of Cook’s second voyage in 1772?
Commissioned by the Royal Society to search for Terra Australis.
Who did Cook bring back from his second voyage?
Omai of Tahiti.
Image by Sir Joshua Reynolds 1774.
What was the aim of Cook’s third voyage in 1776?
To return Omai to Tahiti.
Locate a northwest passage around the American continent due to competition with Paris.
1778 first contact with Hawaiins.
When did James Cook die?
14th January 1779 at Keylakekua Bay.
Why did James Cook die?
His landing on at the bay of Keylakekua coincided with the Hawaiian harvest festival to worship Polynesian God of Lono.
Cook was mistaken for Lono.
Who made the first attempt to survey the varieties of human society and classify them?
Baron de la Brede et da Montesquieu
“The Spirit of Laws” 1748 (forbidden by the Catholic Church)
Who was responsible for stage theory?
Adam Smith and Adam Ferguson.
Smith: ‘there is…in human society, a natural progress from ignorance to knowledge, and from rude to civilised manners’.
- The Age of Hunters.
- The Age of Shepherds.
- The Age of Agriculture.
- The Age of Commerce.
