ANATOMY Flashcards
Give a 20th century example of the problem of dissection in anatomy?
Gunther von Hagens
Invented technique for preserving biological tissue specimens called plastination in 1977.
Body Worlds
2002 first public autopsy in London theatre to 500 people.
Her majesty’s Inspector of Anatomy warned this would be illegal under section 11 of Anatomy Act 1984.
Why is anatomy understood to be different in the 21st century to the 15th century?
In the 15th century people believed that there was nothing to learn from a dead cadaver about a live body.
Which 2 historians state that Vesalius may not be a revolutionary?
Sachiko Kusukawa “Picturing the book of nature” 2012
Peter Dear “Revolutionising the sciences” 2009
What was the process for studying the higher faculties (natural philosophy / theology) at university in 15th century?
Study 7 liberal arts (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, rhetoric) for 6 years.
Trivium: grammar, logic, rhetoric.
Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory (lowest forms of knowledge).
How were the writings of Galen and Hippocrates brought to Europe?
Translators such as Avicenna (845-925 AD) and Rhazes (980-1037 AD). From latin to arabic.
What are the 4 humors?
Blood: Spring, Sanguine, Air (wet, hot).
Phlegm: Summer, Choleric, Fire (dry, hot).
Yellow Bile (choler): Autumn, Melancholic, Earth (cold, dry).
Black Bile: Winter, Phlegmatic, Water, (cold, wet).
What are the 6 non-naturals in humoral theory?
Air, food & drink, sleeping & waking, motion & rest, excretions & retentions, passions of the soul.
What is the function of the humors?
- Nourishment of the body: humors fused in the blood and produced in the liver.
Brain= phlegm. Heart = blood.
What is the job of a physician in relation to the humors?
Identify what someone’s complexion is.
Identify what happened to their complexion to alter it.
Identify how to medicate the person in order to bring their complexion back to normal.
(Would not treat a person during dark days because there are certain conjunctions of planets which would have negative effects on treatment.)
What is the Galenic spiritual system?
- Natural spirit: Liver (nutrition and metabolism).
- Vital spirit: Heart (blood flow regulation and body temperature).
- Animal Spirit: Brain (sensory perception and movement).
Give an example of how Europeans began to realise faults in scholasticism in botany?
Dioscorides “Materia Medica”
Collected plants in Greece and created medical remedy book.
The plants in Europe are simply not the same.
How was anatomy practiced in universities before the 15th century?
Johannes von Ketham (physician)
Academic reading in elevated chair
Barber surgeon dissecting
Physician points to what the academic is reading
Give an example of a book written by someone practicing anatomical dissection in the 14th century?
Mondino de Luzzi “Anathomia Corporis Humani” 1316
Starts with abdominal cavity
Proceed via the thorax
Next to head and extremities
What is humanism?
14th and 15th century
Cultural movement originating in Italy.
Close study of the writings of Greek and Roman antiquity, promoting attempts at the emulation of ancient cultural achievements.
Give examples of humanism in the 16th century?
Translations of Galen:
Thomas Linacre “On the Natural Faculties” 1523
Johannes Guinter of Andernach “On Anatomical Features” 1531 (Teacher of Vesalius).
