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AGR 240 Crop Science > Crop Physiology > Flashcards

Crop Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolic energy transformations

A

critical for plants’ survival

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2
Q

photosynthesis

A

plants convert sunlight energy to chemical energy

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3
Q

respiration

A

plants convert sugars and starches to energy for metabolism of cells

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4
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water from the stomata of plants

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5
Q

symbiotic nitrogen fixation

A

process that makes atmospheric nitrogen available to legumes

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6
Q

photoperiodism

A

the reaction of plants to changing lengths of darkness

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7
Q

vernalization

A

photoperiod response during the winter that is important for triggering flowering in the spring

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8
Q

plants are categorized as what based on their life cycle

A

annual, biennial, or perennial

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9
Q

metabolism

A

the group of vital biochemical reactions that occurs in the cells of living organisms

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10
Q

mesophyll cells have ____________ that include green ____________

A

chloroplasts; chlorphylls

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11
Q

light reactions

A

harvest sunlight for energy

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12
Q

two main energy compounds

A

ATP and NADPH

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13
Q

carbon-fixation reactions

A

Calvin cycle = C3 cycle

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14
Q

C3 plants (temperate regions)

A

alfalfa, wheat, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, peanuts

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15
Q

C4 plants (tropical enevironments)

A

corn, sorghum, millet, big bluestem, Indiangrass, switchgrass

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16
Q

CAM plants (stomata only open at night; more drought tolerant)

A

cacti and pineapple

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17
Q

photorespiration

A

reverse photosynthesis; occurs during a drought and uses more carbon energy

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18
Q

sugars from photosynthesis

A

ATP energy

19
Q

glucose + oxygen ->

A

carbon dioxide + water + energy

20
Q

four primary processes of respiration

A
  1. glycolysis (produces energy)
  2. pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is split into CO2 and acetyl CoA
  3. Krebs cycle uses acetyl CoA to produce ATP and NADH
  4. oxidative phosphorylation occurs within the mitochondria
21
Q

photosynthesis characteristics

A
  • occurs in light
  • produces sugars
  • stores energy
  • uses H2O
  • uses CO2
  • releases O2
22
Q

respiration characteristics

A
  • occurs in dark and light
  • uses sugars
  • releases energy
  • produces H2O
  • produces CO2
  • uses O2
23
Q

higher temp =

A

greater respiration

24
Q

transpiration is important for:

A
  • cooling the plant
  • movement of nutrients within the plant
  • uptake of mineral nutrients
25
Q

five factors that affect transpiration

A
  1. # and size of stomata
  2. presence of soil moisture
  3. air temperature
  4. air moisture content (humidity)
  5. wind or air movement increases the transpiration pull
26
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the plant’s total water use

27
Q

ET ratio

A

weight of water required to produce the weight of the crop’s dry matter

28
Q

pubescence

A

short hairs that cover leaf surfaces

29
Q

cuticle

A

thick, waxy coating on leaves

30
Q

symbiotic nitrogen fixation

A

a process that makes atmospheric nitrogen available to some plants

31
Q

nitrogen fixed per year (lbs/ac) of alfalfa, red clover, and soybeans

A

alfalfa: 70-200
red clover: 60-200
soybeans: 20-200

32
Q

nodule formation

A
  1. root hairs grow and release root exudates
  2. rhizobia attatch to the root hair surface
  3. root hairs curl and trap rhizobia
  4. rhizobia digest the cell wall
  5. rhizobia induce division of the root cells
  6. nodule is formed from the protrusion of the root cells to the root surface
  7. bacteria of the individual root cells develop the nitrogenase enzyme and fix atmospheric nitrogen
33
Q

phytochrome

A

pigment that senses changes in amounts of red and far-red light

34
Q

short-day flowering response

A

late summer of fall-flowering plants

do not flower in the longest days of the summer

ex. corn, soybeans, cotton, and rice

35
Q

long-day flowering response

A

flower when the photoperiod is longer than a certain period

spring or early summer flowering plants

ex. smooth bromegrass and wheat

36
Q

day neutral flowering response

A

flower after a certain age or when a certain level of growth has been achieved

ex. ever-bearing strawberries, cucumber, and tomatoes

37
Q

dormancy response

A

perennial plants have a dormancy period

38
Q

seed germination response

A

light activates vegetative growth of the epicotyl

39
Q

wheat requires ____ photoperiods and ___ temperatures

A

short; low

40
Q

dry matter

A

the weight of all the components of a plant minus the water

41
Q

general development stages

A
  1. seed
  2. seedling
  3. vegetative
  4. flowering
  5. fruit
  6. seed
  7. senescence
42
Q

growing degree days

A

an index of heat accumulation (or heat units over time)

43
Q

what temperature range is beneficial to crops

A

50 - 86 degrees F

AGR 240 Crop Science (3 decks)

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