Critical thinking section

Question 1

critical thinking

Answer 1

recognizing/evaluating opinions and so-called evidence. reflecting on meaning and significance of statements and ideas. It tests the reasonableness of statements/ideas.

Question 2

Opinion

Answer 2

• a belief or conclusion about reality. unlike facts, they are open to question and analysis by critical thinking.

Question 3

Argument

Answer 3

• in the formal sense, it is an attempt to offer evidence to demonstrate the reasonableness of an opinion. arguments can be sound (logical) or unsound (dependant on logical fallacies) there are two parts of a good argument.

Question 4

Evidence

Answer 4

the basis or cause of a belief. it is a statement of justification explanation of a belief or action.

Question 5

conclusion

Answer 5

• a decision based upon reasoning, deduction, or inference.

Question 6

the Law of noncontradiction

Answer 6

• something that cannot both exist and not exist or be true and false at the same time and in the same way.

Question 7

Logical Fallacies

Answer 7

• in rhetoric, a fallacy is simply any error, whether intentional or unintentional, in reasoning. ()the most common kinds of fallacies of logic are informal and are the ones students really need to familiarise themselves with,. think of them as counterfeit arguments.)

Question 8

Oversimplification

Answer 8

• concluding that an effect has only one cause when it is really the result of multiple causes.

Question 9

Hasty Conclusion

Answer 9

• Making a judgment on the basis of one or even a few samples.

Question 10

over generalization

Answer 10

• (Stereotyping) making a judgment about an entire group based on behavior, mostly undesired, of a few from that group.

Question 11

false analogies

Answer 11

• arguing on the basis of a comparison of unrelated thinking.

Question 12

slippery slope

Answer 12

arguing against an action on the unsupported assertion that it will inevitably lead to a much worse condition.

Question 13

sweeping generalization

Answer 13

stating a general principle then applying it to a specific case as though it were a universal rule.

Question 14

Characteristics of critical thinkers

Answer 14

• constantly evaluate their own attitudes, values and opinions.
• they understand having a right to opinions, but that doesn’t mean it is a right opinion including their own.
• they don’t pretend to know what they do not know.
• don’t blindly adhere to tradition.
• they resist and refuse to use manipulation, seek clarification of terms, explore many sides of an issue.

Question 15

Should I care about critical thinking?

Answer 15

it helps make sense of life and the world around you, helps you do your job more effectively, it helps you avoid being ripped off. it helps you prepare for everyday life.
Is the statistic true? why are they mad at me? how should I prepare for this issue? should I marry this person? is this story true?

Question 16

ad hominem

Answer 16

(Lit “to the man”) Seeking to discredit a person’s argument by attacking their personal character, origin, association, etc.

Question 17

Appeal to (False or misleading) authority

Answer 17

appealing to the opinion of a person who agrees with yours because they are generally respected by the audience but have no real authority on the topic at hand.

Question 18

Appeal to ignorance

Answer 18

Claiming that something is true simply because it cannot be disproved, or that something is untrue because it cannot be proved.

Question 19

Bandwagon

Answer 19

Justifying a course of action because everyone is doing it.

Question 20

is ought, or naturalistic fallacy -

Answer 20

concluding that the way things are is that way things ought to be simply because the basis of how things are or are assumed to be.

Question 21

Selective perception

Answer 21

looking only for things that support our current ideas and ignoring evidence that does not.

Question 22

False dilemma

Answer 22

oversimplifying a complex issue to make it appear that only two alternatives are possible.

Question 23

Strawman

Answer 23

Misrepresenting a position to make it seem weaker than it really is or to demonize the position to make it sound worse than it is and then to act as if the argument has been won when the real issue hasn’t even been addressed.

Question 24

Genetic Fallacy

Answer 24

Giving credit to a position or supporting a claim because of the origin (genesis) of its position when such an appeal to the origin is irrelevant.

Question 25

Genesis 1:1

Answer 25

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.

Question 26

Romans 12:1-2

Answer 26

A Living Sacrifice
12 Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God—this is your true and proper worship. 2 Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God’s will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will.