Critical Evaluation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of variation?

A

Discrete

Continuous

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2
Q

Describe ‘Normal distribution’

A
  • Bell curve
  • Most common distribution in nature
  • Symmetrical
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3
Q

Give an example of a pattern that shows normal distribution

A

Height of humans

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4
Q

What are the two types of skewed distribution?

A

Negative and Positive

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5
Q

Describe ‘Skewed Distribution’

A
  • Can be negative or positive
  • Mean is not the most common value
  • Most common value is not central
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6
Q

Give an example of skewed distribution

A

Number of children in household

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7
Q

What should a representative sample have?

A

Same mean and degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole

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8
Q

What should be considered when assessing precision and accuracy?

A
  • Mean of replicated measurements
  • Variation in these replicated measurements
  • Number of samples tested
  • How regularly measurement equipment requires calibration
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9
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

Statistical estimate of range of values within a certain percentage of the total population would be found

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10
Q

What is a statistically significant result?

A

One in which the difference between groups is unlikely to be due to chance alone

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11
Q

What p value shows the results are statistically significant?

A

0.05

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12
Q

What are the two types of control groups?

A

Negative and Positive

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13
Q

What does a negative control group do?

A

Provide data for what happens in the absence of a treatment

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14
Q

What controls should be used to test for false positive results?

A

Negative

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15
Q

What do positive control groups prove?

A

The experimental design can detect a change in the dependent variable when one occurs

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16
Q

What gives an indication of the strength of the correlation?

A

Dispersion of the points about the line

17
Q

In what circumstances can correlation demonstrate causation?

A

When all the confounding variables are controlled

18
Q

Where are in vitro studies carried out?

A

Lab

19
Q

Describe ‘In Vivo’ Studies

A

‘Within the living’

Studies involving living organisms

20
Q

Give two advantages and disadvantages of in vivo studies

A
Advantages:
- Provides data for effects in whole organisms
- Allows study of complex interactions
Disadvantages:
- Expensive and time consuming
- Difficult to prove causation
21
Q

Give two advantages of in vitro studies

A
  • Simpler and less expensive
  • Easier to control confounding variables
  • Interpretation of results is simpler
22
Q

Give two disadvantages of in vitro studies

A
  • Difficult to extrapolate results to whole organisms

- Difficult to model complex interactions