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AH Biology > Communication within Multicellular organisms > Flashcards

Communication within Multicellular organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is it essential that cells communicate within multicellular organisms?

A

In order to get required integration and co-ordination for cellular activities

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2
Q

What are the two principle forms of communication?

A

Hormonal

Nervous

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3
Q

Where are the receptor proteins for hydrophobic signals?

A

Within the cell/nucleus

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4
Q

Why do hydrophyllic signals require cell surface receptor proteins?

A

Cannot pass through the membrane

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5
Q

What are hormones?

A

Extracellular signalling molecules that are secreted by one tissue into the blood

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6
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Hydrophobic and Peptide

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7
Q

Give examples of hydrophobic hormones?

A

Steroid Hormones

Thryoxine

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8
Q

Give examples of hydrophyllic hormones

A

Peptide Hormones, ADH, insulin

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9
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Signals that are released into the synaptic gap between a nerve cell and its neighbour

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10
Q

What are the receptor proteins for steroid hormones?

A

Transcription factors

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11
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

Protein that binds to DNA and controls the rate of transcription

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12
Q

Give an example of a steroid hormone

A

Testosterone, Oestrogen

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13
Q

What happens to the metabolism of a cell in the absence of thyroxine?

A

Metabolic rate is lower

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14
Q

What happens when thyroxine binds to its receptor protein?

A

Receptor undergoes conformational change
Can no longer bind to DNA
Gene for sodium potassium pump is transcribed

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15
Q

What are the two ways a cascade is activated once a hydropyllic signalling molecule binds to a receptor protein?

A

G proteins

Phosphorylation by Kinase Enzymes

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16
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
ADH
Somatrophin

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17
Q

What are G protein coupled receptors linked to?

A

A G protein

18
Q

What is the difference between a G protein being on or off?

A

Whether GTP or GDP is attached

19
Q

What happens when a hydrophyllic signalling molecule binds to the extracellular side of GPCR?

A

GTP replaces GDP and the G protein becomes active

20
Q

What happens when a G protein is active?

A

G protein stimulates enzymes leading to a response in the cell

21
Q

Why is the response only temporary if the G protein triggers the response?

A

G protein is a GTPase and hydrolyses the GTP into GDP making the G protein inactive again

22
Q

What does RTK stand for?

A

Receptor Tyrosin Kinases

23
Q

What happens when a ligand binds to a RTK?

A

Tyrosine amino acids on the receptor becomes phosphorylated and a conformational change occurs
Kinase domains in the receptor becomes active and this results in the phosphorylating of downstream molecules

24
Q

What does the response of the cell depend on?

A

Depends on the signal

25
Q

Give examples of possible responses of the cells

A

Recruitment of a channel

Transcription of certain genes

26
Q

What is the insulin receptor?

A

Kinase linked receptor

27
Q

Where is the insulin receptor found?

A

Cell membrane of fat and muscle cells

28
Q

What happens once insulin binds its receptor?

A

Signal is transduced and a series of phosphorlyation events trigger the recruitment of GLUT4 to the cell membrane

29
Q

What does GLUT4 allow?

A

Allows glucose to enter the cell

30
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Medical Condition caused by a failure at some stage of insulin signalling pathway

31
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 - Failure to produce insulin

Type 2 - Loss of receptor function

32
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Injections of Insulin

33
Q

How does exercise improve type 2 diabetes?

A

Triggers recruitment of GLUT4

34
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

Pituitary gland

35
Q

When is ADH secreted?

A

In response to low blood water concentration

36
Q

What is the receptor protein for ADH?

A

G protein coupled receptor

37
Q

Where is the receptor protein for ADH located?

A

Membrane of cells in the collecting ducts of the kidney tubules

38
Q

What happens when ADH binds to its receptor?

A

Triggers multiple cascades of reactions

Activates G proteins which trigger these cascades and amplify the signal

39
Q

What is the response of the cell when ADH binds?

A

Recruitment of the channel protein Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) to the membrane

40
Q

What does the recruitment of AQP2 allow?

A

Control of water balance in terrestrial vertebrates

41
Q

What can failure to recruit AQP2 or insensitivity of the receptor result in?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

42
Q

Diabetes insipidus results from failure to recruit water channel proteins to the cell membrane.
Identify the cause of recruitment failure

A

Failure to produce ADH

AH Biology (17 decks)

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