Criminology

Question 1

What does AL stand for?

Answer 1

Adolescent Limited

Question 2

What does LCP stand for?

Answer 2

Life-Course Persistent

Question 3

Moffitt 1993

Answer 3

LCP & AL

Question 4

Main approaches in Criminology

Answer 4

1. Across individual change (cross sectional/ aggregate differences)
2. Within individual change (longitudinal)

Question 5

Key Concepts

Answer 5

1. Recidivism/ reoffending- act of repeat offending
2. Desistance- process by which people experience giving up crime
3. Termination- commit last crime

Question 6

Onsets (4.)

Answer 6

1. Social learning (friendships/ family influences)
2. Social bonds (strength of ties to conventional society)
3. Developmental (psychological processes of age development)
4. Symbolic interactionism (labelling and effects of sanctions on behaviour)

Question 7

Farrington et al (2006)

Answer 7

(career career sample, not low-level offenders)
family involvement in crime, neglectful parenting, poverty, high-risk taking behaviour, low school attainment

Question 8

Glueck (1950)

Answer 8

unravelling juvenile delinquency
tracing two samples
earlier onset the longer the offending career
followed boys up to age 32

Question 9

Sampson and Laub’s “Age Grade Theory”

Answer 9

Re running Glueck data

Question 10

gang vs non-gang assault

Answer 10

gang- 66%
non-gang-48%

Question 11

gang vs non-gang robbery

Answer 11

gang-25%
non-gang-7%

Question 12

gang vs non-gang aggravated assault

Answer 12

gang- 43%
non-gang-9%

Question 13

gang vs non-gang any victimisation

Answer 13

gang- 75%
non-gang-51%

Question 14

eurogang definition

Answer 14

a street gang is any durable, street-oriented youth group whose involvement in illegal activity is part of its group identity

Question 15

risk factors(5)

Answer 15

• peer influences
• family factors
• mostly males
• neighborhood
• blocked access to status

Question 16

Alleyne and Wood (2010)

Answer 16

psychology of why people join gangs
gang members older
status and anti-authority
developmental process shaped by age

Question 17

Cuckooing

Answer 17

taking over vulnerable person to conduct dealing operations

Question 18

Violent Crime Reduction Act

Answer 18

Increased max penalty for possession of knife to 4 years in 2006

Question 19

Doctrine of Joint Enterprise

Answer 19

allows multiple people to be charged under the same crime

Question 20

Key case for doctrine of joint enterprise

Answer 20

R v jogee (2016)

Question 21

Convicted murder and manslaughter secondary vs all

Answer 21

4,943 - All
1,062 - Secondary

Question 21

BAME convicted secondary vs all

Answer 21

45%, secondary
32%, all

Question 22

House of Commons 2012,14

Answer 22

50% guilty from black and minority ethnic
40% under 25 years old

Question 23

18th century what to what child

Answer 23

natural to romantic

Question 24

19th century what to what child

Answer 24

evangelical to wage earning

Question 25

Henry Mayhew

Answer 25

1861 parental instruction

Question 26

mid 19th century what child

Answer 26

the delinquent child

Question 27

Factory Act

Answer 27

(1833) no u/9s allowed to work, 13 year olds (max 9 hr days), 13-18 year olds (max 12 hr days)

Question 28

Juvenile offenders Act

Answer 28

(1847) division between young person and adult created

Question 29

Youthful Offenders Act

Answer 29

(1854) Children under 16 reformatories reformatories as opposed to adult prisons used for youth

Question 30

Children's Act

Answer 30

(1908) separate courts systems for youth and adults. Welfare of youth considered

Question 31

Education Act

Answer 31

1870 school made compulsory

Question 32

Mary Carpenter

Answer 32

1976 'restore back to childhod'

Question 33

Early 1900s child what to what

Answer 33

child saving to child guidance

Question 34

Child Guidance

Answer 34

1927

Question 35

John Bowlby

Answer 35

1944 separation in mothers young offenders

Question 36

maternal deprivation theory

Answer 36

1953 maternal deprivation theory

Question 37

children and young persons act

Answer 37

1933 'psy' sciences

Question 38

child savings movement criticism

Answer 38

Platt 1969 ideology

Question 39

Police recorded Crime 2021-22

Answer 39

6,000,000

Question 40

number of children proceeded against the court 2012-2022

Answer 40

2012-80,000 2022-17,000

Question 41

number of arrests of children for notifiable offences in 2012 vs 2022

Answer 41

2012- 160,000 2022- 52,000

Question 42

Industrial Revolution

Answer 42

Late 1700s onwards

Question 43

global imprisonment rates highest lowest %

Answer 43

highest USA 98% Lowest slovenia 0.58%

Question 44

Criminal responsibility age Brazil

Answer 44

18

Question 45

criminal responsibility age Zimbabwe/ India

Answer 45

7

Question 46

proportion black % prison 2012 vs 2022

Answer 46

2012- 22% 2022- 31%

Question 47

arrests by offence 2021-22 biggest increase?

Answer 47

sexual offences 64%

Question 48

arrests of offence 2021-22 biggest decrease?

Answer 48

Drug offences -20%

Question 49

reoffending boys % 2011 vs 21

Answer 49

2011- 44% 2021- 32%

Question 50

reoffending girls % 2011 vs 21

Answer 50

2011- 29% 2021- 21%

Question 51

average monthly youth custody population 2001 vs 2022

Answer 51

2001- 2,700 2022- 500

Question 52

average custodial length

Answer 52

22.8 months

Question 53

average monthly population custody?

Answer 53

454

Question 54

number of stop and searches of children

Answer 54

94,905

Question 55

sentences given at court

Answer 55

11,388