Criminal psychology

Question 1

What is the definition of crime?

Answer 1

Any act that breaks the law and therefore warrants a punishment.

Question 2

Name the 5 types of crime.

Answer 2

violent, sexual, acquisitive, anti-social, drug-related

Question 3

What is a social construct?

Answer 3

A concept exists as a result of interaction between people who make up society

Question 4

What is a social norm?

Answer 4

unwritten rules about how to behave, they provide us with an expected idea on how to behave.

Question 5

What are official statistics?

Answer 5

Government records of the total numbers of crimes reported to police and recorded in official figures.

Question 6

What is a self report survey?

Answer 6

A method that involves participants reporting on themselves.

Question 7

What is a victim survey?

Answer 7

Where people give information about a crime they have experienced

Question 8

What is an offender survey?

Answer 8

Where criminals give the number and types of crime they have committed confidentially

Question 9

What was the cooper and mackie study?

Answer 9

A study into the transmission of aggression through imitation and aggressive models

Question 10

What is an independent variable?

Answer 10

the thing you change in an experiment

Question 11

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 11

the thing you measure in an experiment

Question 12

What is a control variable?

Answer 12

the thing you keep the same in an experiment

Question 13

What was the social learning theory?

Answer 13

Bandura said that all behaviour is learnt through observation and that children are partially influenced by what they see

Question 14

name a criticism of the cooper and mackie study

Answer 14

• the sample was very age bias
• low levels of ecological validity due to it being in a false environment
• only accounted for immediate effects on children

Question 15

name one criticism of the social learning theory

Answer 15

• is not a full explanation for all behaviour

- ignores all biological states

Question 16

what is the role of the central nervous system?

Answer 16

controls most functions of the body and mind.

Question 17

what is the role of the reticular activation system?

Answer 17

regulating arousal and sleep−wake transitions.

Question 18

what is the role of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 18

to control the voluntary muscular movements of the body.

Question 19

what is the role of the dopamine reward system?

Answer 19

enhances reward-related memories.

Question 20

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 20

regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

Question 21

what is the role of the limbic system?

Answer 21

involved in our behavioural and emotional responses

Question 22

what is the role of dopamingeric neurons

Answer 22

an important role in the control of multiple brain functions including voluntary movement

Question 23

what is synaptic transmission?

Answer 23

the biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse.

Question 24

criticism of Eysenck’s theory

Answer 24

need to look at external factors

Question 25

what is the heaven study?

Answer 25

a study into delinquency, extroversion, psychoticism and self-esteem

Question 26

Name the 3 types of punishment

Answer 26

Fines, community sentences and prison

Question 27

what is restorative justice?

Answer 27

When the criminal faces their victim and they discuss what has happened

Question 28

what is identification?

Answer 28

the process where someone aligns themselves with another

Question 29

what is observation?

Answer 29

the process where people pay attention and retain things in memory

Question 30

what is imitation?

Answer 30

the process where people recall behaviours and reproduce the behaviour

Question 31

what is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 31

when a behaviour is strengthened by an individual observing this same behaviour being rewarded in another

Question 32

what is direct reinforcement?

Answer 32

when a behaviour is strengthened and likely to be repeated due to positive outcomes for an individual

Question 33

what is internalisation?

Answer 33

the process whereby a behaviour becomes an integral part of an individuals personality

Question 34

what is nature?

Answer 34

relates to behaviours that people are born with or develop naturally

Question 35

what is nurture?

Answer 35

relates to behaviour people learn through experience

Question 36

what is extraversion?

Answer 36

a trait measuring how outgoing an individual is

Question 37

what is neuroticism?

Answer 37

a trait measuring how anxious an individual is

Question 38

what is psychoticism?

Answer 38

a trait measuring how aggressive and impulsive an individual is

Question 39

what are the stages of the social learning theory?

Answer 39

role model, identification, observation, vicarious reinforcement, imitation, direct reinforcement =, internalisation

Question 40

what is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 40

behaviour that involves us being caring, helpful and sharing. we may show pro-social behaviour if we are concerned about the people around us.

Question 41

what was the control condition in the cooper and mackie study?

Answer 41

maze solving

Question 42

identify a way the sample used in cooper and mackie study was unrepresentative

Answer 42

only included children from america

Question 43

outline one criticism of Eysenck's theory

Answer 43

problem with validity

Question 44

name one strength of the questionnaire in heavens study

Answer 44

not time consuming, widespread audience