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Pyschology > Criminal psychology > Flashcards

Criminal psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of crime?

A

Any act that breaks the law and therefore warrants a punishment.

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2
Q

Name the 5 types of crime.

A

violent, sexual, acquisitive, anti-social, drug-related

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3
Q

What is a social construct?

A

A concept exists as a result of interaction between people who make up society

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4
Q

What is a social norm?

A

unwritten rules about how to behave, they provide us with an expected idea on how to behave.

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5
Q

What are official statistics?

A

Government records of the total numbers of crimes reported to police and recorded in official figures.

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6
Q

What is a self report survey?

A

A method that involves participants reporting on themselves.

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7
Q

What is a victim survey?

A

Where people give information about a crime they have experienced

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8
Q

What is an offender survey?

A

Where criminals give the number and types of crime they have committed confidentially

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9
Q

What was the cooper and mackie study?

A

A study into the transmission of aggression through imitation and aggressive models

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10
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

the thing you change in an experiment

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11
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

the thing you measure in an experiment

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12
Q

What is a control variable?

A

the thing you keep the same in an experiment

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13
Q

What was the social learning theory?

A

Bandura said that all behaviour is learnt through observation and that children are partially influenced by what they see

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14
Q

name a criticism of the cooper and mackie study

A
  • the sample was very age bias
  • low levels of ecological validity due to it being in a false environment
  • only accounted for immediate effects on children
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15
Q

name one criticism of the social learning theory

A
  • is not a full explanation for all behaviour

- ignores all biological states

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16
Q

what is the role of the central nervous system?

A

controls most functions of the body and mind.

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17
Q

what is the role of the reticular activation system?

A

regulating arousal and sleep−wake transitions.

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18
Q

what is the role of the cerebral cortex?

A

to control the voluntary muscular movements of the body.

19
Q

what is the role of the dopamine reward system?

A

enhances reward-related memories.

20
Q

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

A

regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

21
Q

what is the role of the limbic system?

A

involved in our behavioural and emotional responses

22
Q

what is the role of dopamingeric neurons

A

an important role in the control of multiple brain functions including voluntary movement

23
Q

what is synaptic transmission?

A

the biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse.

24
Q

criticism of Eysenck’s theory

A

need to look at external factors

25
Q

what is the heaven study?

A

a study into delinquency, extroversion, psychoticism and self-esteem

26
Q

Name the 3 types of punishment

A

Fines, community sentences and prison

27
Q

what is restorative justice?

A

When the criminal faces their victim and they discuss what has happened

28
Q

what is identification?

A

the process where someone aligns themselves with another

29
Q

what is observation?

A

the process where people pay attention and retain things in memory

30
Q

what is imitation?

A

the process where people recall behaviours and reproduce the behaviour

31
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement?

A

when a behaviour is strengthened by an individual observing this same behaviour being rewarded in another

32
Q

what is direct reinforcement?

A

when a behaviour is strengthened and likely to be repeated due to positive outcomes for an individual

33
Q

what is internalisation?

A

the process whereby a behaviour becomes an integral part of an individuals personality

34
Q

what is nature?

A

relates to behaviours that people are born with or develop naturally

35
Q

what is nurture?

A

relates to behaviour people learn through experience

36
Q

what is extraversion?

A

a trait measuring how outgoing an individual is

37
Q

what is neuroticism?

A

a trait measuring how anxious an individual is

38
Q

what is psychoticism?

A

a trait measuring how aggressive and impulsive an individual is

39
Q

what are the stages of the social learning theory?

A

role model, identification, observation, vicarious reinforcement, imitation, direct reinforcement =, internalisation

40
Q

what is prosocial behaviour?

A

behaviour that involves us being caring, helpful and sharing. we may show pro-social behaviour if we are concerned about the people around us.

41
Q

what was the control condition in the cooper and mackie study?

A

maze solving

42
Q

identify a way the sample used in cooper and mackie study was unrepresentative

A

only included children from america

43
Q

outline one criticism of Eysenck’s theory

A

problem with validity

44
Q

name one strength of the questionnaire in heavens study

A

not time consuming, widespread audience

Pyschology (4 decks)

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