Criminal Procedure Flashcards
4th Amendment – Search and Seizure
The 4th Amendment protects persons against unreasonable arrests or other seizures as well as unreasonable searches. In addition, when a warrant is required, it must comply with these constitutional requirements.
Government Action
Search & Seizure must be made by a government agent or at the direction of the government
Search
A government search of a location with a
reasonable expectation of privacy.
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
Where do you have a lack of expectaiton of privacy and thus it would not be a search
Open fields ie Open field doctrine
Probable cause for a warrant
A fair probability that would warrant a reasonable person to conclude that evidence of a crime can be found at a particular place or that a particular Δ committed a crime
Elements of a Search warrant
1) Issued by detached magistrate
2)Based on probable cause like oath or affidavit
3) Persons/Places must be described with particularity
4) Cannot exceed the scope of the search
Police can rely on informants for probable cause and to find a informant reliable look to the
totality of the circumstances
When police seize what is in plain view during a lawful search is it excluded
No
Will an illegal search automatially dismiss indictment
no
protective sweep elements
- Search for additional criminals
- Allowed for safety with proof of others
present
Exceptions to the warrant requirement where probable cause alone can justify a search or seizure
Community caretaking
hot pursuit
automobile
minor intrusion
Plain View
Exigency or Destruction of eveidence
Seizures:
individual’s freedom of movement is limited by an officer such that the person would not feel free to leave the
officer’s presence
Objective standard: A reasonable person would not feel free to leave or end the encounter
Exceptions to seizure warrants wherePC is needed or Reasonable suspicion for S
Arrest
Stop and Frisk
Seizure by deadly force
Exceptions to search and seizure warrants were no warrant or pc Is needed
SILA
COnsent
Administrative or Special Needs search
Terry stop
Exclusionary rule
Evidence obtained in violation of Δ’s constitutional rights is inadmissible against Δ in trial. This includes statements obtained in violation of Miranda
Fruit of the poisonous tree:
All derivative evidence obtained via inadmissible evidence is also excluded. This does not apply to Miranda
Exceptions to ER rule
independent basis
inevitable basis
intervening act of free will
Grand Jury
GF reliance on warrant
Knock and Annouce
Independent source
Inevitabel disvoery
Intervening act
Impeachment
Attenuation
Miranda violation evidence
Grand Jury
A grand jury may hear and use any piece of evidence regardless of its admissibility
GF Reliance on warrant
reasonably well-trained PO would have believed W was valid (e.g., clerical error)
Independent source of derivate evidence
May “rediscover” initially illegal evidence under valid W if police would have applied for and received W anyway
4thA protects
against unreasonable searches and seizures by the gov’t or its agents
Standing and how do you waive it
, Δ must have had a reasonable expectation of privacy (REP) in the place searched. When the individual knowingly exposes something to the public, he no longer has standing to challenge a search of it
: A search/seizure must be made with a valid W, which must be
1) issued by neutral, detached magistrate,
(2) based on probable cause, and (3) described with particularity the place to be searched or item/person to be seized
Probable cause is
A fair probability that would warrant a reasonable person to conclude that evidence of a crime can be found at a particular place or that a particular Δ committed a crime
if PC is based on an informants tip, it must beet the totality of the circumstances test, THe court will look to:
based on informant’s veracity, and knowledge, and corroboration from police investigation predictive information showing insider knowledge.
Community caretaking
Going into home to make sure there isn’t further injury (based on objective TOTC)
Autombile exception approach
To stop car, needs RS of violation of law (can ripen to PC) or PC to believe crim evidence is in car
2. If PC to believe criminal evidence is in a car, can search w/o W: the whole car, closed containers
(size limited to where evidence could be), and its contents, including passenger luggage
3. If PC to believe evidence is in a container in the car, search of car limited to that container (and where that container could be); once package is found, search is limited to the package
4. If PC to believe automobile itself is contraband, can seize it without W
Minor intrusion example and definition
into body in reasonable manner
breathlyzer tube
Plain View
Police officer (PO) is lawfully present and positioned + “immediately apparent” that item is subject to seizure + PC to believe evidence is associated with crime (can’t move item for a better view)
Exigency or destruction of evidence
PC to believe evidence likely to disappear before W can be obtained (e.g., blood alc. conc., scraping under fingernail). Warrantless search must end roughly when exgiency ends
Arrest - Seizure exception
Need PC for any arrest. No W is needed in a public place, but an arrest warrant is required for arrest inside one’s home (search warrant needed if someone else’s home), unless in hot pursuit or exigency
Stop and frisk
If the officer also believes that the person is armed and dangerous, then the officer can
permits an officer to stop a person whenever they have reasonable suspicion, based on articulable facts, that criminal activity is afoot.
conduct a pat-down of their outer clothing in order to search for weapons.
Plain feel as it realtes to stop and frisk
During patdown, PO may seize items reasonably believed to be weapon or contraband (admissible as evidence)
What happens dring an auto stop where PC arises
turns into a SILA
Seizure by deadily force
Under objectively “reasonable” circumstances, deadly force (e.g., shooting) may not be used unless necessary to prevent escape + PC to believe that suspect poses significant threat of death or serious injury to PO or others + where feasible, some warning has been given